Thursday, November 28, 2019

9 Celebrities Who Used To Be Truck Drivers

9  Celebrities Who Used To Be Truck Drivers Ever wonder how they started out? Ever sit behind the wheel of your rig and daydream that you could be famous too? Turns out, some of your favorite celebrities got their start as truckers. 1. Charles BronsonHe won a Purple Heart for his work as an army trucker. This actor from The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, and Death Wish  also trained to be a pilot. He’s hardwired to operate heavy machinery!2. James CameronThis  director of Titanic and Avatar  got his start trucking, too. The next time you see a semi on the side of the highway, just imagine there’s an aspiring director behind the wheel, working on his screenplay between miles.3. Chevy ChaseAfter medical school and a jazz band,  he  drove trucks before his first big break on Saturday Night Live.4. Sean ConneryTruck driving runs in his blood. His father was a trucker in Scotland before him, so it came as no surprise when the future Bond, James Bond drove 18-wheelers after leaving the Royal Navy.5. Rock Huds onRemember him? He  drove trucks after World War II, before he hit it big as a rom-com star with Doris Day.6. Richard PryorThis funny guy drove trucks both in Germany and at home before breaking out as a comedian.7. Viggo MortensonThis actor, famous for his roles in movies like  Lord of the Rings, Crimson Tide, and A History of Violence,  mostly worked in Denmark shipyards; but even he did a few trucking jobs in his home country before making it big.8. Liam NeesonThis megastar might never have been famous if it hadn’t been for his truck driving school instructor encouraging him to consider acting. He could have spent his best years as a Guinness forklift operator instead of fighting kidnappers on the silver screen.9. Elvis PresleyThe King of Rock n’ Roll himself  drove trucks after high school to make a living. Some say he even got his signature hairdo from the truck driver fashion of the time.So whatever your dream is, don’t forget how many famous men b efore you got it done while on the road.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Free Essays on Education Summary

Education in our society is concerned with very repetitive systems of learning. Such as the â€Å"three R’s† reading, writing, and arithmetic as well as many morals and values. The rise of education in the U.S. came about very slowly. Even after the Emancipation Proclimation came about black still could not attend schools. State laws prohibited schooling for blacks, hispanics, american indians, and chinese immigrants. Attendance was enforced at least till Eight grade for whites. In 1910 less than 10% of American 18 yr. olds graduated high school. It rose steadily but by the 1930’s it was less than half. After WWII college and high school attendance rose. The main cause was the GI bill, which gave 20 million american who participated in the past war to attend college, federal loans and the growth of community colleges also helped. The rate were not equal between races. Whites increased from 26% in 1940 to 93% in 1990. Blacks increased from 9 % in 1940 to 88% in 1998. In the US it is common that kids are sent to schools. But in other societies such as the pastoral, parents teach kids how to gathwer food and take care of land. Functionalist theories state education accomplishes certain functions. Among these functions are socializtion, occuipational training, and social training. Socialization is brought about through the paaing of cultural hertiage. The heritage include book smarts, and morals, ethics, poltics, religion, habits and norms. Occupational training is important in industrialzed areas like the U.S.. Jobs were passed on through out the family. Alot of jobs and occupations are still being passed on today, particularly among the upper class. Social control is also a function of education, but not as obvious. They are called latent functions. Increased immigrantion and urbanization brought about increased crime as well. In conflict with the fundementalist theory, which state... Free Essays on Education Summary Free Essays on Education Summary Education in our society is concerned with very repetitive systems of learning. Such as the â€Å"three R’s† reading, writing, and arithmetic as well as many morals and values. The rise of education in the U.S. came about very slowly. Even after the Emancipation Proclimation came about black still could not attend schools. State laws prohibited schooling for blacks, hispanics, american indians, and chinese immigrants. Attendance was enforced at least till Eight grade for whites. In 1910 less than 10% of American 18 yr. olds graduated high school. It rose steadily but by the 1930’s it was less than half. After WWII college and high school attendance rose. The main cause was the GI bill, which gave 20 million american who participated in the past war to attend college, federal loans and the growth of community colleges also helped. The rate were not equal between races. Whites increased from 26% in 1940 to 93% in 1990. Blacks increased from 9 % in 1940 to 88% in 1998. In the US it is common that kids are sent to schools. But in other societies such as the pastoral, parents teach kids how to gathwer food and take care of land. Functionalist theories state education accomplishes certain functions. Among these functions are socializtion, occuipational training, and social training. Socialization is brought about through the paaing of cultural hertiage. The heritage include book smarts, and morals, ethics, poltics, religion, habits and norms. Occupational training is important in industrialzed areas like the U.S.. Jobs were passed on through out the family. Alot of jobs and occupations are still being passed on today, particularly among the upper class. Social control is also a function of education, but not as obvious. They are called latent functions. Increased immigrantion and urbanization brought about increased crime as well. In conflict with the fundementalist theory, which state...

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Preparing for the SAT How Many Hours is Enough

Preparing for the SAT How Many Hours is Enough SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Students online considering preparing for the SAT generally all have one big question: how many hours should I study for the SAT? When does prepping for the SAT become a waste of time? The short answer is that every hour helps, and unless you've already studied for 100 hours or more, it's not a waste of time yet. Why do you think that is? Why Students Need to Spend More Time Studying for the SAT The answer from research, from experience, from teachers and college counselers is absolutely clear. It's the natural combination of two factors. The first is that the SAT is so important in your life. A 100 point increase on average doubles your chance of getting into any given college, and raises your lifetime salary by $44,000. For almost all students, the value of increasing your SAT score is immense. The second reason is because the SAT is so studiable. A recent report shows that as few as 10 hours of focused studying can improve your SAT score by dozens of points. Students in any old SAT prep course improve their score by over a hundred points easily. In fact, we ourselves are so confident in your ability to improve (and the quality of our product) that PrepScholar even guarantee 160+ points on our online SAT prep program. You do the math: a better college, and a lifetime salary increase of $44k just for a few dozen hours of studying and spending a few hundred dollars on a good program. It'll be the best investment of time and money you've made in your life! Surely There's a Limit to the Benefits of SAT Study, Though? Yes, there is a limit, but for most people, the limit is their own willpower, motivation, and free time. In another blog post, I give some tips for overcoming these limitations. But suffice it to say, for almost all students, further studying will help. In fact, as a rule of thumb you should not even consider the possibility that you are studying too much unless you've hit the 100 hour mark. Students looking for a low benchmark so they can wing the SAT won't find solace in the facts above, but they are what they are. The SAT is important, and studying at the margin helps, even when you've already studied a lot. How to Tell You've Studied Enough First, if your score is 1520 or above, you've studied enough, even if you don't get perfect. I'll go into it in another blog post, but long story short, the difference between 1520 and 1600 often is just sampling noise. Second, the following only applies if you've studied more than 100 hours. If you have not studied 100 hours, do not pass go, do not collect $200, do not use the reasons below as excuses to stop studying. Likely they don't apply because you haven't even found your best way of preparing for the SAT yet. Third, a sign that you've studied enough is that you score has not improved by more than 40 points in the last forty hours of studying. Fourth, you might have studied enough if you're trying many different ways of studying (improving vocab, doing real practice, taking an online course, etc) and still don't improve. Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook!

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Drafting an Academic Plan of Study for Student Growth

Drafting an Academic Plan of Study for Student Growth An academic plan of study is a way to provide more accountability to students who are struggling academically. This plan provides students with a set of academic goals tailored to their needs and provides them with assistance in reaching those goals. An academic plan of study is best suited for students who may lack the motivation necessary to succeed academically and needs some direct accountability to keep them in check. The motivation lies in the fact that if they do not meet their goals, then the student will be required to repeat that grade the following year. Developing an academic plan of study gives the student an opportunity to prove themselves rather than retaining them in their current grade which could have an overall negative effect. The following is a sample academic plan of study that can be modified to fit your specific needs. Sample Academic Plan of Study The following plan of study takes effect on Wednesday, August 17, 2016, which is the first day of the 2016-2017 school year. It is effective through Friday, May 19, 2017. The principal/counselor will review John Student’s progress at a minimum of a bi-weekly basis. If John Student fails to meet his objectives at any given check, then a meeting will be required with John Student, his parents, his teachers, and the principal or counselor. If John Student has met all of the objectives, then he will be promoted to the 8th grade at the end of the year. However, if he fails to meet all of the listed objectives, then he will be placed back into the 7th grade for the 2017-2018 school year. OBJECTIVES John Student must maintain a 70% C- average in each class including English, reading, math, science, and social studies.John Student must complete and turn in 95% of their classroom assignments per class.John Student must attend school at least 95% of the required time, meaning they can only miss 9 days of the total 175 school days.John Student must show improvement in his reading grade level.John Student must show improvement in his math grade level.John Student must set a reasonable Accelerated Reading goal for each quarter (with principal/counselors assistance) and meet that A.R. goal every nine weeks. Assistance/Action   John Student’s teachers will immediately let the principal/counselor know if he fails to complete and/or turn in an assignment on time. The principal/counselor will be responsible for keeping track of this information.The principal/counselor will conduct bi-weekly grade checks in the areas of English, reading, math, science, and social studies. The principal/counselor will be required to inform both John Student and his parents of their progress on a bi-weekly basis via conference, letter, or telephone call.John Student will be required to spend a minimum of forty-five minutes for three days a week with an intervention specialist specifically focused on improving his overall reading level.If any of John Student’s grades drop below 70%, he will be required to attend after-school tutoring at a minimum of three times per week.If John Student is failing to meet two or more of his grade requirements and/or two or more of his objectives by December 16. 2016, then he will be d emoted to the 6th grade at that time for the remainder of the school year. If John Student is demoted or retained, he will be required to attend a Summer School session. By signing this document, I agree to each of the conditions above. I understand that if John Student does not meet each objective that he may be placed back into 7th grade for the 2017-2018 school year or demoted to the 6th grade for the 2nd semester of the 2016-2017 school year. However, if he meets each expectation then he will be promoted to the 8th grade for the 2017–2018 school year.    __________________________________ John Student, Student __________________________________ Fanny Student, Parent __________________________________ Ann Teacher, Teacher __________________________________ Bill Principal, Principal

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Isp Summary Essays

Isp Summary Essays Isp Summary Essay Isp Summary Essay ISP Summary We chose to do our integrated study plan project on nature as the season change. We felt this topic was appropriate because the children seemed really interested in the outdoors at the beginning of the semester. We split our main topic into three parts- animals, trees, and weather. I was in charge of the trees and implemented six different activities about trees throughout the semester. My outcomes for each activity were met. For my Literacy activity I read the book Tree Is Nice by Janice May Udry , after reading the book the children were able to learn why is the tree is important in our life. For the Math lesson plan the children were able to match trees with some shapes. For the Science lesson the children learn about animals live inside the tree. For the Social Studies lesson plan the children learn about how the looks like in different seasons, and they were able to match the right tree with the right season. For the Art lesson plan children were able to identify the changing color of the leaves during the seasons, and they paint their own leaves. And for the physical lesson plan the children pretend to be trees and move like when the wind hit the tree, freeze when the snow is falling, and fall down like the leaves fall from the tree in the fall. The best part was that the children were engaged in the activities and they had fun. And because this is my first time working with children, I sometimes feel nervous, but I got over it when time was past. For the next semester I need to improve my lesson plans and do it better than I did. About the children I was surprised that they treat each other by respect, and taking care of each other, and they have a good relationship with us. Dani and Mary had a great part in my 100 hour student teaching, and they helped and watched us very carefully during their teaching, and their feedback was really helpful. I will advise the next student teacher to be so nervous just take it easy the children will love you because children are angels. And enjoy your time with the children.

Whats a Bad ACT Score

What's a Bad ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When it comes to your college applications, you probably aren’t too worried about your ACT scores- unless, that is, you think your scores will be too low. Don’t panic just yet! Like most things in life, ACT scores are all relative- there’s no such thing as a bad ACT score in a vacuum. In this post, I’ll talk about what it means to have a â€Å"bad† score in relation to the entire US, your general peer group, your prospective colleges, and (maybe most importantly) yourself. Before We Start, a Note on Percentiles Understanding percentile scores is an important part of understanding ACT scores. Before Italk about different types of bad scores, I'll briefly explain what percentile scores are and why you should care about them. A percentile score is different from a percent score, even though the two mathematical concepts are related. Essentially, a percent score would tell you what portion of the ACT exam you got correct; a percentile score, on the other hand, tells you how you did on the exam compared to everyone else who took it.For example,a percent score of 90% would mean you got 90% of the questions right, whereas a percentile score of 90 would mean you scored better than 90% of the students who took the exam. Percentiles are more meaningful than percents when we talk about ACT scores because what’s important is how you score when compared to other students. A percentage score in isolation doesn't tell you how well you performed on a test or how difficult it was. You can get a low percentage score on a test and still do very well in comparison to other students, earning a high percentile score- this is an example of the difference between percentages and percentiles. Low ACT Scores for the General US Population Let's just say we're starting big. We're starting with the biggest possible comparison group - understanding how you do in relation to all other people who take the ACT is the first step in understanding these unique exam scores. First, the basics: the ACT is scored out of a possible 36 points.A score of 36 is rare enough that when it happens, local newspapers sometimes write about it - just google the name of your town and "perfect ACT score." The national average composite score is 21 out of 36 points. The top 25% of scorers, or those who are at or above the 75th percentile, receive scores of 24 and up. The 75th percentile is a reasonable cutoff for what could be considered "excellent" scores. The bottom 25% of scorers, or those who are at or below the 25th percentile, receive scores of 16 and below.You may very well have your own ideas about what a reasonable â€Å"bad ACT† score cutoff should be. For the general population, scores of 16 and below (so, scores that are lower than those of 75% of the population) could reasonably be considered low. Here are some important percentile cutoffs and corresponding scores for quick reference: 10th percentile composite score →13-14 25th percentile composite score→16-17 50th percentile composite score→21 75th percentile composite score→24 90th percentile composite score→28 Low ACT Scores forYour Peer Group We're starting to get a bit more personal. Knowing what your peers and classmates tend to score on the ACT will give you a more sophisticated understanding of where, exactly, you stand. Comparing yourself to the rest of the country (with a wide range of backgrounds, educations, resources, opportunities, target schools, etc.) is less helpful than comparing yourself to people who are similar to you in important ways, like geography or education. Here's how to get information on what your peers score: Get your hands on your school report. This report will give you aggregated information on the score distribution for your particular high school. You may already know how to gain access to this. If you don't, try googling "[Your High School Name] ACT score report." This information will be particularly easy to find in states with mandatory testing. Check in with your guidance counselor. If you don't have access to a school report, your high school guidance counselor should have an idea of what low ACT scores will look like at your school. Ask your peers or classmates. As a last resort, you could ask around to see what other students are scoring. Just make sure to be respectful if your classmates don't want to discuss their scores. If you want to get an idea of a more competitive score range, check in with honors students at your school. Once you have this information, here's how to use it effectively: Consider how your peers' score distribution compares to national scores? Do students at your school tend to score higher or lower than you’d expect based on the national average? If your peers have scores that are higher/lower than the national average, you could adjust your idea of what a bad ACT score is accordingly. For example, if your school's average ACT scores are lower than those of the national average (21),a â€Å"bad† ACT score cutoff at 25th percentile might be unreasonably high. Conversely, if your school has very high ACT scores, your understanding of a bad ACT score should be higher than the national 25th percentile score (16). Low ACT Scores forYourTarget Colleges Ultimately, a low ACT score for a particular college is a score that won’t get you in. Schools don't tend to publish hard ACT score minimums, but they do offer information about the ACT scores of their students. We can use current students' scores to infer what scores colleges expect from applicants. If you know the 25th and 75th percentile scores for a particular school, you know what that school considers to be â€Å"low† and â€Å"excellent† ACT scores. If your scores (current or future) fall within that range, it’s likely a good target school for you. But what if you're at the edges of, our even outside of, that 25th-75th percentile range? If you're close to the bottom end of the range, it doesn't mean it's impossible for you to get into that school. Colleges may accept students with lower ACT scores for any number of reasons- they might consider students strong applicants if they have a high GPA or impressive community service experience. Colleges may also take into consideration if students' high schools underperform on standardized tests or if they're athletes or legacies. Regardless of the strength of the rest of your application, you could apply to a college with higher ACT scores as a reach school. In fact, most students who apply to colleges with extremely competitive ACT requirements consider them reach schools. If you're scoring close to or above the 75th percentile score for a particular school, chances are you'll have a strong application. If this is the case, you may consider this one of your safety schools. Make sure you're applying to schools with more competitive ACT scores as well- you don't want to miss out on a high-ranking school! Here's how you get information on what schools consider bad ACT scores (it's pretty easy!): Google â€Å"[school name] PrepScholar admissions requirements." Look on the page for the 25th and 75th percentile scores That’s it! You can even use the page’s built-in tool to estimate your chances of getting into that school Low ACT Scores for Yourself It's time for some good, old-fashioned self-reflection (although I don't think Barack is thinking about his ACT scores). All these other comparisons won’t do you much good if you don’t take unique personal factors into account when figuring out what counts as a bad ACT score.Achieving goal scores may come easier for some students than others.For someone who struggles with key concepts or with test-taking anxiety, going from the 40thto the60th percentile is no less an achievement than going from the 70thto the90th for someone who doesn’t struggle with these issues. Conversely, even a student with relatively high baseline scores has room for improvement and can bring her scores up even higher with adequate preparation. Pushing yourself on the ACT, even if your scores are already objectively good, can open up some amazing opportunities. So how do you figure out what a bad ACT score is for you personally? Get a baseline score. Study for about 10 hours for test familiarity and quick content gains, then take a full practice test. There will definitely be room for improvement after you take this baseline - consider this first real practice test a soft â€Å"bad ACT score† cutoff. Work to improve. Students usually reach a personal maximum score after 40-80 hours of studying. You can expect to improve 3-4 points from baseline, but it's definitely possible to improve your scores by a wider margin. Getting that much prep in will mean you are dedicating yourself to excellence by your own standards. How Do You Improve Low ACT Scores? Worried that you have low ACT scores when compared to your peers, your target schools, or your own score potential? Your plan of attack will depend on how much time you have to study. Get started by reading our guide onhow long you should study for the ACT.Don't have a lot of time? Read our last-minutetipsandstrategiesor our10-day study plan. Are you in it for the long haul?Read ourstudy schedulefor students who have one year or more to prepare. Next, work towards a concrete goal after making a list of target,reach, andsafetyschools. Get instructions on how to set a goal score in ourACT score guide. Are you dissatisfied with anything but perfection? Read our famous guide to getting a perfect ACT score. What's Next? At this point, you may be getting sick of reading about the ACTs. Maybe the SATs are more your style. If you're still deciding between the two tests, find out which one may be the better fit for you. You can also learn more about what counts as an "excellent" or "bad" SAT score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discuss the arguments for and against compulsory audit firm rotation Essay

Discuss the arguments for and against compulsory audit firm rotation and also for and against a total ban on audit companies(by which is meant firms of accountants) carrying out non-audit services - Essay Example the perspective of having an audit firm safeguard their rights where the key objective of the audit firms has become the maximization of profit, where they mostly only look to cover their own risk. The Enron and World Call scandal gave rise to a controversy where the auditors actually provided a helping hand to their audit client in carrying out and concealing fraud and other deceptive acts which resulted in huge losses to the shareholders, the employees and other related stakeholders alike. These incidents not only affected the companies but also prove to be an alarming event for the audit firms as well as the regulatory bodies to enhance their capabilities in providing a safeguard to the rights of the shareholders as well as other associated individuals. This also provided a need for the regulatory bodies to take some stringent measures in implementation of controls for appointment and rotation of auditors as well as the restriction of audit companies to be involved in provision of non-audit services to their clients which overshadows the social responsibility of the auditor and turns it in to a business perspective. The recent incidents of corporate frauds have mobilized the regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom to establish and implement controls governing the audit of companies listed in the London Stock Exchange, which ensure that the auditors don’t stay long enough at a certain client where such a relationship is established between the two, where the auditor may disregard the social responsibility to safeguard the rights of the stakeholders. The main causes of impaired independence, which can be cured by audit rotation, are persistent close relationship with the client, keenness to satisfy the client and fear of losing the client where any fraud related issue is identified during the audit. If the audit company is rotated from time to time, the audit company will not have to fear for losing the client in case it highlights or reveals any fraud,

Explain the reasons why left realism emerged Essay - 1

Explain the reasons why left realism emerged - Essay Example eft realism emerged as a reaction to ‘law and order’ politics and to the perceived vacuum in radical left thinking on crime and crime control (Carrabine 79). Ideally, Left realism emanates from a situation that demonstrates the need to focus the social problems in the society. However, many scholars have been questioning the capacity of this theory to address societal problems (HistoryLearningSite 1). In its emergence, the theory of Left realism sought to address the reality of crime for the working class victim and the need to elaborate a socialist alternative to conservative emphases on law and order (Carrabine 79-80). In the mid-1980s, there was a common perception that the efficiency and effectiveness of the police, and criminal justice agencies were performance indicators of maximum crime arrests (Lea 141). However, the Left realism sought to correct this perception by noting that the flow of information about crime from victims and communities to the police, which was a matter of trust, was the key factor that would address crime in the society (Lea 142). This theory achieved this by noting that crime is intra-class and is rampant on poor communities (Lea 142). Indeed, the Left realism aimed at the practical experience of victimization in the poor and working class communities (Lea 142). Notably, the Left realism sought to criticize the views of right-realism that advocated for longer sentences and additional prisons (HistoryLearningSite 1) as the solution to rising crime rates (Lea 142). Indeed, the right-realism was actually not addressing crime in an effective manner and hence the Left realism sought to encourage socialists to address crime in a serious manner (Currie 114-117). During the emergence of the Left realism criminality among the working class was worsening as radical criminologists maintained the social constructionist view of crime and hence the need for the Left realism to curb the problem (Hale et al 86-87). As such, this theory sought

Sociological Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociological Perspective - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that the conflict theory was presented in opposition to the structural functional theory by Karl Marx and was further developed by Max Webber. Groups are in a constant struggle of power to gain control over resources, some groups may get control over these valuable resources others may not. The theory goes on to explain that conflict lies at the core of relationship for a society. Those who do not have resources struggle to acquire them, whereas those who are privileged strive to hold on to them.According to the essay  findings conflicts within groups primarily arise from differences of interest and as a result of the inequality in the distribution of resources; resulting in an ongoing competition over scares resources. The fundamental contributing factors that lead to conflict among competing groups are money, power, distinct needs and incompatible interests. It could be one or all of these factors combined.  The format of the show divides contestants into groups referred to as â€Å"tribes†. The tribes are given limited resources on which they have to survive and progress through the game.  Ã‚   The contestants have to face challenges throughout the game. These challenges have to be won in order to get rewards or to secure â€Å"immunity† from the vote out.   Initially the tribes compete with each other in the form of groups but at later stages of the competition they contend at an individual level.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing strategy - Assignment Example In this distribution strategy, it is not hard to sell a specialty product assuming that the said specialty store is already well-known about its carried products or service offerings. However, considering concern about wide range of distribution, it is necessary that more specialty stores are needed in order to create more market penetration for specific specialty products in a wide market range. The second point is that specialty store in general does not only carry one product, but it might probably take two or more identical products of different brands. In this case, competition may be of great concern for a certain specialized product. Even if it is highly specialized, the customers are always open to the idea that they have to choose from varied specialty products. In the above situation, it is clear that there is correspondingly significant limit of the distribution of a specialty chocolate product if it has to focus only on its distribution with specialty stores or brokers. T hus, another alternative would be to go for corporate vertical marketing system.

Part 1 and part 2 of change and culture case study Essay

Part 1 and part 2 of change and culture case study - Essay Example The administration’s first job redesign recommendation was that of a universal worker. The universal worker would deliver many support services. Aware that this model often failed when implemented in other organizations, your administrator charged you with making redesign work this time. In this regard, this essay aims to address issues regarding the process of job design, the performance expectations, steps and structures to implement the recommended design, communication tools and incentives for job satisfaction. The type of work performed by the employee is a critical factor affecting employee productivity and job satisfaction. According to Carrell and Kuzmits (1986, 57), â€Å"job design determines what work is done and , therefore, greatly affects how an employee feels about a job, how much authority an employee has over the work, how much decision making the employee has on the job, and how many tasks the employee has to complete. Managers realize that job design determines both their working relationship with their employees and the relationships among the employees themselves.† In this regard, tasked with redesigning patient care delivery, one must begin with a determination of the organization’s mission and vision and an assessment of each employee’s job description as they specifically contribute to the achievement of organizational goals. As averred by Volunteer Canada (2001), â€Å"job design theory requires that we address the question of how to get done what we want to get done—in other words, how we achieve our mission/mandate/vision.† (9) The tasks of a universal worker involves â€Å"responsibility for performing various activities to meet the needs of residents in a skilled nursing facility: meal service including preparation, cleaning, laundry duties, transportation, and resident support services as well as participates in improving quality of care/service.† (Otsego County, 2004, 1) This

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 58

Marketing - Essay Example The wide variety of foods available at the restaurant in comparison to other restaurants in the regions will ensure that the customers are able to get the dish of their choice. Despite the Hispanic making the larger population of Denver, consideration on other groups of people is necessary to ensure that the business is welcomed by all. This has been addressed by ensuring that there is diversity of the dishes. In addition, since the languages mostly used in the region are Spanish and English, the employees are to be fluent in both languages, which will facilitate effective communication. This will ensure that all customers are fully satisfied with the service offered. In addition, consideration about demographics, age, education, and marital status is taken into account, as most of the frequent customers of restaurants in the region are youths and the unmarried. Considering this, it will be very easy to attract and maintain customers to the business. The environment of carrying out a business determines the success to be achieved. Operating in an environment in which the interaction between the business and the community is poor usually poses challenge to the business in achieving its set goals and objectives (Louche & Idowu, 2010). El Palenque business is ready to implement its corporate and social responsibilities, which will ensure that the relationship between it and the community is continuously strengthened. Moreover, through implementing its corporate and social responsibility, we will be able to get a better understanding of the customer’s specific needs which when implemented, will be beneficial to both parties. Although maintaining the corporate social responsibility will be challenging at the start of the business operations, El Palenque is dedicated in continuously improving its relationship with all the stakeholders. Since the business will be new in this region, challenges in entry are to be encountered. In addition,

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Childs First Step, as Awesome as an Earthquake Essay

The Childs First Step, as Awesome as an Earthquake - Essay Example The poet is writing from the child’s viewpoint or from an observer’s viewpoint that the reaction to this would be so much discussed that it would seem as awesome as an earthquake (Sexton, 511). Poem Title: ‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes Metaphor: Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair (Line 2). What the Metaphor adds to the Poem: Here the poet is comparing life to a crystal stairway. Life for the mother has not been easy, as opposed to a crystal stairway where one can see where one is going at all times. Rather life has been rather difficult and there were times when she was not sure that the results of her efforts would be successful (Hughes, 508). Poem Title: ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ by Robert Frost Personification: The woods are lovely, dark and deep (Line 13) What the Personification adds to the Poem: Frost’s poetry is known for its natural themes, yet there are invariably two meanings attached to it. One is the literal meaning, which as the poem goes, makes absolute sense. But there is also another hidden and figurative meaning, one more philosophical, that one sees in his poems. Here the woods have been compared to life’s uncharted and unexplored pathways. They stand on the brink between what one knows and what one doesn’t. ... She explores daily life events in all their truthfulness. The message of the poem ‘Courage’ is that we see bravery reflected in life’s small actions such as walking or cycling without support, willing to bear the taunts of class fellows etc. Thus we should cherish these emotions and remember them because they contributed to our personality (Sexton, 512). One poem that demonstrates the desire to restrain emotion: ‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes. Reasons for my choice: Although the mother is very candid in telling her son that life for her has been a tough experience, the message here is that the son should never give up hope but trudge through life’s dark and difficult passages with a positive demeanor and contrite heart. God helps those who help themselves. 3. Essay discussing the use of imagery in two of the poems read: Imagery is one of the main reasons why poems appeal to us. It is often said that we think in pictures and the appreciation of poetry and song by the literati as well as the man on the street show that this feeling runs across all sections of society. Taking Robert Frost’s ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ one can easily imagine the traveler, the horse, and the scene as they stop by the woods and the lake, taking in the beauty and contemplating what they have accomplished and what remains to be done. The eyes, ears, and mind can easily put the reader in the picture (Frost, 516). Similarly in ‘Mending Wall’, one can easily imagine Frost and his neighbor as they repair the walls that separate their gardens and backyards. The eyes and the mind can almost see the neighbors working to do this and Frost also gives a candid picture of pine trees in his neighbor’s lot while he has apples in his own.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The leadership of jesus Essay Example for Free

The leadership of jesus Essay In Matthew chapter 10 verse two to four, a list of 12 disciples were given. It was also in this chapter that Matthew explains each of their skills and experiences as well as their character traits. Alter out the New Testament and the small as the gospel of the Roman Catholic Church which we practice today, in the 12 disciples are regularly cited and are often even the central themes of the stories (Singer-Towns, 2005). It is these disciples where the story of Jesus had been built upon, and if it had not been for them, many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church would be lost. The gospel writers themselves, even, of course many already know – are also members of the 12 disciples. It would therefore be an interesting discussion for our purpose of understanding the leadership style of Jesus on why he had the 12 disciples to follow him in the first place (Nouwen, 1993). It is in the book of Matthew that we again understand the purpose of Jesus on why he had chosen the 12 disciples. They have been described as recruits, and the Roman Catholic Church through various studies of scholars over the centuries had identified that Jesus had chosen 12 in order to become the fishers of men (Nouwen, 1993). This style of leadership of Jesus could be further understood when we finally realize that many modern-day companies and businesses rely on apprenticeship stages. This is of course extremely evident in large corporations when there are single identifiable leaders. This leadership style of Jesus further exemplifies and identifies that if we are the ones who are leading, it does not necessarily fall unto our shoulders each and every single task for all eternity (Clinton, 2006). Delegation is the key word for the concept here, and it is through delegation that we discover that leadership does not necessarily have to be doing everything right all the time by yourself. In our modern-day setting, many of the owners of corporations and the heads of business ventures and organizations think so highly of themselves that they have the opinion that they could be the only ones who could be able to produce results and achieve the goals of the company. However, what these leaders need to identify and understand is that delegation in the choosing of the disciples could perhaps be a wise option for it not only creates a more efficient setting for a company, but also increases productivity levels of individuals and groups.

On the black hill family and identity Essay Example for Free

On the black hill family and identity Essay The fact that they remained bachelors, despite Lewis desperate longing for a woman in his life, is also the work of Mary, who, knowing that Benjamin will never want to marry, made Lewis promise never to marry unless Benjamin did too. Lewis is identified by his love of aviation and longing for adventure, but he is tied down by family obligations. He is aware that his life would be different if not for the inescapable bond binding him to Benjamin, stating Sometimes, I lie awake and wonder whatd happen if him werent there Then Id have had my own life, like? Had kids? Ironically, it is his family that sets him free in the end and satisfies his desire for an heir and an adventure. This comes in the form of Kevin Redpath, the twins long lost nephew, who comes back to inherit the farm and also give Lewis an opportunity to do what he had always desired, to fly an aeroplane. These ten magnificent minutes completes the missing part of Lewis identity, and all the frustrations of his cramped and frugal life now counted for nothing. No other family is described in such detail as the Joneses, but their neighbours, the Watkinses from The Rock also shows how a family-style group affects the identities of the individuals in the family. The Watkins family is a rather complicated family, for Tom and Aggie Watkins can not have kids of their own and hence resort to adoption. The Watkinses show that despite having no biological ties, the family environment can also affect the characters and lives of individuals. The Watkins family is a typical poor low-class Welsh family, and the adopted children consist of Jim, Ethel, Sarah, Lizzie and Brennie hence turn out to be uneducated children, If anyone said, He was raised at The Rock , or She was reared at The Rock, you knew for sure the child was illegitimate or loony. This shows that the family environment plays a big part in who they are, and how other people view them. In the end, Sarah, Lizzie and Brennie all marry off and escape from The Rock. Lizzie pretended The Rock did not exist, and while Sarah still kept an eye on The Rock, her one great fear was of lapsing into poverty, clearly a fear born out of her experience of childhood poverty. Lizzie and Sarah are examples of the opposite way which family can affect children; instead of falling into the patterns of the family themselves, the children choose to escape and fear these patterns. This opposing respond to family pattern is also evident in David Maloufs Fly Away Peter, where Jim Saddler fears of inheriting his fathers savagery and tries to keep it at arms length. On the other hand, Jims biological children seem to inherit his traits. For example, Ethels son Alfie was identified as Jims son for the lad had Jims carroty hair and cauliflower ears. Alfie also grew up simple, the result of inheriting the combination of both Jim and Ethels mental disabilities. As the novel progresses, Jim has another child, this time Mrs. Muskers. His daughter Meg is even more like him; she grows up to share his love for animals, mistrust of outsiders. She even speaks like him, and clings to The Rock with fierce determination and optimism. Like the twins, Megs identity is shaped greatly by her parent, and she continues his way of life even after his death. The Bickerton family is one of the more minor families in On the Black Hill. A high-class English family, the Bickertons owned the Lurkenhope estate and hence was possibly the most powerful family in the village. In contrast to the Watkinses, the family environment of the Bickertons is wealthy, refined, and educated, and hence the children of Colonel and Mrs. Bickerton, Reggie, Nancy and Isobel, are naturally identified as figures of the higher class. As a result, Reggie grows up to be an arrogant and overly-confident young man and went to war with a head full of chilvaric notions of duty to caste and country. These chilvaric notions are most likely the influence of Colonel Bickerton, who has been persuading all young men to fight for their country. Even after coming home crippled, he made light of his injuries with upper-class stoicism and his high-handed treatment of Rosie Fifield shows that his arrogance hasnt changed. On the other hand, his sister Nancy Bickerton shows traits of Mrs. Bickertons; like the way her mother seeks companionship in Mary, Nancy is bored by the gentry and finds great pleasure in the twins visits. Even the way she offers tea to the twin reflects her mothers; China or Indian? Nancy is hence another example of an identity shaped by her parent and upbringing. Thus the identity-shaping forces of family are quite evident in the families of On the Black Hill. These are clearly portrayed through the characters of the Joneses twins Lewis and Benjamin, whose identities and lives are clearly shaped by their order of birth, their roles in the farm and the house, the traits they inherit from their parents, their upbringing, as well as their bond to each other. Their way of living even after the death of Amos and Mary reveal how the impact of these family dynamics can last forever, also portrayed through the way Meg or Nancy each inherit their parents traits and behaviours. On the other hand, these impacts can also have an opposite effect, as shown by Lizzie and Sarah in the way they try to fight against the Watkinses family pattern of poverty-stricken lives by leaving The Rock. Through On the Black Hill, Chatwin patently demonstrates the relationship between ones identity and family, reinforcing the notion that our families make us who we are today. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Infection Control Practices in Nursing Homes

Infection Control Practices in Nursing Homes Introduction Literature review on the infection control practices in the Nursing Homes most particularly in the United Kingdom. It is well known that the elderly population has a substantially increased incidence and severity of many infectious diseases (Hampton, 2003). The student will focus on the infection control and prevention issues most specifically to person- to-person transmission and a little regarding food -borne transmission. In fact, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.5 million nosocomial infections occur in long-term care residents per year, which translates to an average of one infection per resident per year (Williams, 2008). Between February and May 2006 infection control staff across the United Kingdom and Ireland completed the third national survey into health care associated infection. A prevalence rate of 7.6% broadly supports the results that were reported in the first and second national surveys (Cole, 2007). According to Knoll and Lautenschlaeger (2010), the rate of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is listed for the United Kingdom at approximately 50 thousand cases in every year. Among these are the elderly people, which are the most vulnerable hosts (Aitkenhead, 2009). According to Nazarko (2007b), infection control in UK care homes does not yet receive the same level of scrutiny as in hospitals. People requiring care in nursing homes may have infections, or may be at risk of picking up infection from other people. Staff and visitors may also be at risk since they are the ones who are in direct contact with the clients. As being observed by the student, infections spread rapidly between the residents in the Nursing homes. Standard precautions aim to eliminate sources of infection whenever possible and to prevent the spread of infection (Nazarko, 2007). Controlling the spread of the infection may be difficult for some workers due to lack of education on infection control and prev ention. This is the main reason why the student came up with several sources that may sum up the problems and makes solutions that may be helpful to health personnel. The number of people in care homes will continue to expand as the population ages. Today, according to Hampton (2003), residents in care homes have more complicated medical conditions than they did 5 years ago, as they become even more elderly and the trend continues towards shorter and shorter hospital stays in acute care facilities. This literature review was made by the student to emphasize the importance of compliance of infection control procedures in the care home. The students experiences and knowledge gained from work based studies and broad sources of reading materials greatly contribute in making the substance of this paper. This paper may help readers to gain knowledge on the ideal infection control procedures that applies mainly in the healthcare setting. Common mode of transmission in a nursing home facility Infection control is described by the National Health Service Executive as a managed environment, which minimises the risk of infection to patients, staff and visitors (Health Protection Agency, 2006). Standard precautions are directed towards breaking the chain of infection by preventing the transmission of infection (Cole, 2010). According to El-Kadiki and Sutton (2005), compliance of infection control may provide high quality and safe services among individuals. It may also prevent cross contamination among staff member and may lower the costs of health care services since prevention is more economical than treatment (Eriksen et al, 2007). From the article by Nazarko (2005), the spread of infection within health care requires three elements: 1. a source of infecting organism (bacteria, viruses, and fungi), 2. a susceptible host and, 3.a route of transmission of the organism from one person or site to another. In relation to the nursing home environment, the source may be a resident, a staff member or a visitor. That certain individual may have signs of infection, or may be colonized and does not show any symptoms (Knoll, 2010). The source may also be inanimate objects within the environment that have become contaminated such as equipments. The host is the resident or client that is on the nursing home facility. According to Williams (2008), resistance to pathogenic microorganisms may vary greatly from each individual. Microorganisms can be transmitted by variety of routes and the same organism can be transmitted by more than one routes. According to Cole and Lai (2009), there are common modes of transmission of infecti on in the nursing homes that every staff can prevent by just executing correct infection control procedures. However, the student has chosen the most common types that were being noticed in the workplace. These are 1. Person-to person, 2. Food-borne, and 3. Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs). Cole and Lain (2009) briefly describe person-to person spread as a conveyance of a certain disease condition to another individual. Person-to-person spread of infections may be airborne, faecal-oral, blood-blood or skin-to-skin. The most common infectious diseases the student noticed over the past few months were colds and flu. The spread of the infection to each person was so massive despite flu vaccination several months before the onset. The residents that were affected with the viral infection were treated with several courses of antiviral medications and antibiotics. Aitkenhead (2009) indicated that anti-viral medication is currently under-used for older people in care homes in the UK. Isolation was also done to severely affected residents. According to Cole and Lai (2009), isolation may be done to residents if they acquired infectious or communicable disease; they may also be place on isolation if a certain individual has been suspected of any infectious disease. Despite doing procedure, flu virus was able to spread on few of the residents and staff. False handing or poor infection control procedures must have caused the break in isolating the resident with infection. Food borne infection had also been very common among care homes. With this, according to Ashurst (2007a) on her article, nursing homes and hospitals in the United Kingdom are now subject to strict environmental health inspections to monitor the premises, and making sure that foods that are served are safe for consumption. As being observed by the student in the workplace, all kitchen staffs are handlers of basic food hygiene certificate as part of their induction programme. Kitchen staffs were taught about the principles of food hygiene with emphasis being placed on high standards of personal hygiene, including hand washing. As stated in Ashurst (2007b) in her second article, food safety should never be taken for granted, as people may lost their lives as direct result of the staff failure to follow agreed policies and procedures. This matter is to protect both the residents and staffs from potential harm. Food poisoning, according to Ashurst (2007a), is caused by poor hygiene and, in particular, is caused by the contamination of ready-to-eat food with food poisoning bacteria. From the students basic knowledge, poor temperature control of ready-to-eat food may also cause of bacteria to multiply in large numbers. The best environment for most bacteria to grow and increase in number is a moist environment between 5 °C and 60 °C. This range of temperatures is known as the growth or danger zone (Fisher and Hartshorn, 2005). Undercooking may also cause poisoning since this enables food poisoning bacteria to survive. Hospital acquired infections, according to Gaspard et al (2008), is an infection acquired during hospital care which was not present or incubating prior to admission. Among reported case of nosocomial infections on the students work place, MRSA or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common. Common types of person to person infection in Nursing Homes in the UK There have been a number of outbreaks on infection in the Nursing Homes in the UK, according to Nararco (2005). Few of these infective diseases are Flu, gastrointestinal conditions, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and scabies. Wound infections had also been very common in residents, especially those who developed decubitus ulcers or bed sores. Each of these infectious conditions will be discussed by the students. Influenza is defined by Daniell (2004) in his journal article as an acute viral, respiratory infection causing the temperature to rise quickly, with profound malaise, headache, myalgia, congested nose, cough and breathing difficulties. For otherwise healthy individuals, influenza is an unpleasant but usually self-limiting disease; this normally resolves in 7-14 days. Flu continues to cause outbreaks in care homes and in the community (Benison, 2006). The student was able to observe that influenza outbreaks occur readily in elderly care homes. They strike rapidly and are frequently associated with widespread severe illness and deaths. Eleven years ago, According to Nguyen-Van-Tam (2000), in Britain, outbreaks are frequently detected too late in their course when the options for effective intervention are few. Flu vaccinations are being given to staffs and clients during outbreaks. Vaccination against flu must also be given to staffs considering they are exposed in both setting inside and outside the care home. Whilst this cannot be applied to all situations it is advisable in some circumstances. It should always be combined with other infection control efforts however to ensure complete protection. In conjunction with vaccination is post exposure prophylaxis, this is used where vaccines do not exist after contact with infection has occurred (Booker, 2004).  Staff spend a lot often time with residents, and can infect vulnerable residents inadvertently. If staff have flu vaccinations they are very unlikely to bring the flu virus into the home, therefore reducing the risk of older people getting flu (Daniell, 2004). The flu immunization season, which is the beginning of winter season, is a busy time for the nurses but its preventive value cannot be overestimated. If an outbreak of flu does occur, anti-viral medication can be used (Eriksen et al 2007). According to Benison (2006), the combined use of immunization and targeted treatment with antiviral agents can e ffectively control the serious impact of seasonal influenza on vulnerable communities of residents in care. Scottish researchers found that giving flu vaccinations to nursing staff working in nursing homes reduced death rates (Booker, 2004). Flu Vaccination can highly reduce death rates and prevents vulnerable older people who develop flu from becoming increasingly disabled. Second condition that had been known to be very common is gastroenteritis or diarrhoeal problems. According to Ashurst (2007a), this condition is very common and extremely infectious and affects approximately 1 in 5 people are affected by the condition in England every year. In which at least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis are due to  foodborne illness  are caused by  norovirus. This can be acquired from contaminated foods and water. However, this can easily be prevented by frequent and correct execution of hand hygiene since bacteria can be transferred this way through poor hygiene. For example, if someone does not wash their hands after going to the toilet. For this reason, staffs and residents are encouraged to perform hand hygiene after using the bathroom or changing incontinence pads. Any viruses or bacteria on their hands will be transferred to whatever they touch, such as a glass, kitchen utensil or food. As per Doctors recommendation every time a resident experiences this kind of condition, nurses in the workplace, including the manager, must assure that food be properly cooked and stored to prevent gastroenteritis. It has also been encouraged to thoroughly wash both hands before eating and after. Bleaching soiled laundry and household surfaces may also help prevent spreading bacteria caused by gastroenteritis (Parker, 2004). Based on the students observation, Pneumonia has also been common to the clients in the nursing home. According to Booker (2004), pneumonia in nursing and residential care homes may be different from that found in the general population. Mortality is also higher this group. According to Metha (2009), pneumonia vaccine is important since there had been reported outbreaks of pneumonia in unvaccinated clients in some nursing homes within the UK and even in United States of America for people who are aged 65 years and above. According to Roberts (2004), the bacteria that cause pneumonia can become extremely resistant to any types of antibiotics in nursing homes, and when the disease occurs, it can be difficult to treat. As being observed in the workplace, nurses determine new residents vaccination records to determine the need of the vaccine and the risks. As the student involves himself in the caring of residents with Pneumonia, good, general nursing care is vital. Adequate rest had bee n encouraged and smoking- discouraged. The patient may well be agitated and fearful and will need plenty of reassurance. Urinary incontinence is one of the most common and disabling conditions affecting a frail elderly individual (Hampton, 2004); this can also lead to the use of indwelling catheters for some. According to Nazarko (2009), urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common healthcare-acquired infection in the UK. So far, based on the students observation in the workplace, UTI due to long term indwelling catheterization has the highest rate of prevalence and reoccurrence. With the general knowledge the student has, patients should be monitored at regular intervals; communication between carers and relatives should be effective to promote understanding how and why long-term catheters should be maintained. Catheter care is a nursing procedure and its importance is sometimes overlooked. According to Harvey (2007), it should be addressed by education and self-directed learning. Practices such as routine catheter irrigation should be avoided and the NICE guidelines recommend that bladder instill ations or washouts must not be used to prevent catheter associated infection (Brown, 2006). However, if necessary, perform appropriate catheter care and consistently use appropriate infection control guidelines while maintaining a closed drainage system. In the workplace, the use of bubble bath/oils, perfumed soaps and talc around the genitals should be avoided as they break down the bodys natural protective flora. Also, common tradition on the workplace to prevent or treat UTI is to offer cranberry juice to the residents. However, frustratingly, a study of Hampton (2004) concluded that there was no good quality or reliable evidence for the effectiveness of cranberry juice in prevention and treatment of UTI and that more research is needed. It was also confirmed in the study by Harvey (2007) that claims that Cranberry juice, on a daily basis, will not have any effect greater than that water in preventing UTI. If an older person becomes suddenly confused, its not an indication that the elder must be developing Alzheimers Disease (Brown, 2006). It has also been observed by the student in the workplace that some staffs may mistakenly assume that confusion is normal for all older people. Staff seeking advice from a healthcare provider regarding a quick onset of confusion may be surprised if the doctor orders a urine specimen. Actually, a urine specimen is not a bad idea since urinary tract infections are a common cause of delirium in the elderly (Goldrick, 2005). Scabies had also been one of the causes for outbreaks in the UK nursing homes (Nazarko, 2005). This can easily be spread by staffs, relatives, visitors, and residents since close prolonged contact causes the transmission. In this case, the student ensures all staffs must wear gloves and aprons upon dealing with infected individual. The infected individual must also be taken for a bath or shower everyday with the aid of medicated soaps and shampoos. Bed bathing is still a nursing skill that is greatly appreciated by patients but it can be associated with cross-infection. According to Parker (2004), bowls used to bath patients are often stacked inside each other in the sluice and poorly cleaned. Infection control nurses have tried to have this practice changed so that individual bowls are kept at each bed space and cleaned after use. Wound infection had also been one of the most common infections found in the nursing homes. However, as the student able to perceive, it the less common among all of those infective diseases mentioned earlier. There is little information on the development of wound infection within the nursing and residential care settings. Wound infection can be a huge burden on the patient and relatives in terms of pain and suffering, with the added threat of a resultant systemic illness (Russell, 2006). Skin had been considered as the first line of defence. In healthy people it is intact and even if a person has contact with microorganisms, they can be removed by washing. The treatment of wound infection has been and still is a subject which is debated within literature (Timmons, 2003). Based on the students basic understanding, in order to help prevent wound infection in any care setting, it is vital that basic infection control protocols are followed. Correct hand-washing technique is essential to avoid the transfer of bacteria from staff to a resident. As a protocol on the nursing home where the student works, residents with infected wounds should be isolated if possible, and wounds should be reassessed regularly to avoid further complications. The principles of aseptic technique should be followed in order to avoid cross-contamination among residents. Preventing pressure sores in the vulnerable elderly is complex. The literature written by Russel (2006) clearly highlights the importance of early and continual assessment of the individuals risk of pressure sore development and implementation of preventive strategies. As being observed by the student, senior nurses and managers of the home regularly inspect and ensure proper training of the staffs since lack of knowledge is a contributing factor that should be addressed by the provision of education and training so that all staff possess and implement evidence-based practice. This should be supported by strategies to provide guidance on the prevention of pressure sores. Skin care ha d been part of the daily routine for nurses and carers in the nursing home. The skin should be kept clean and dry, perfumed soaps and cleansing agents must be avoided because they cause excessive dryness and irritation (Timmons, 2003). In cases of incontinence or if the area is contaminated with urine or faeces, it is best to wash the area with warm water and pat dry with towels or soft tissues. Impact of poor infection control practice Having robust policies and procedures in place for infection control is fundamentally important. However, each organization has to go a step beyond this (Flanagan, 2009). As care homes fill with increasingly vulnerable elderly, control of infection within long-term care facilities becomes a daunting problem (Cole, 2007), with residents developing similar infections to acute care facility. Elderly patients are at particularly high risk of contracting infection because of reduced innate immunity, malnutrition, and the presence of chronic medical conditions (Roberts, 2004). According to Maudsley (2004), poor infection control practices may lead to common infections such as urinary infection, respiratory infection, and skin and soft tissue infections, resulting in increased costs to the health service, extended durations of care and substantial morbidity. Aside from that, infections acquired by infected residents or individuals may spread to other, which cause a serious problem on contro lling and containing. People requiring care in hospitals, care home clinics, doctors surgeries and their own homes may have an infection or may be at risk of picking up infection from other people (Cole, 2007). Staff and visitors are also at risk of infection. Staffs in a healthcare facility may also be considered as the main transporter of the disease itself. According to Hampton (2003), education in infection control and attention to employee health is essential to enable staff to care appropriately and prevent the spread of infection for todays care home population. Antimicrobial Resistance According to Brown (2006), overuse of antimicrobials may lead to increase resistance in many pathogenic bacteria of viruses. As observed by the student during every consultation, General practitioners usually prescribe oral broad-spectrum agents such as cephalosporins. Although many antibiotics initially prescribed are broad-spectrum, which is capable of killing a wide range of bacterial types, each antibiotic has limited effectiveness against certain types of bacteria (Goldrick, 2005). If an infection does not resolve, the antibiotic being taken may not be compatible with the bacteria causing the infection. Antimicrobials are specific as to the type of organism they work for and they should not be used for a purpose that is different from that for which they were prescribed (Nazarko, 2005). In line with El-kadikis (2005) article, unwarranted use of antimicrobials can partially mask symptoms and delay the exact diagnosis and recovery. Unless directed by the prescriber, antimicrobials should not be administered before the service user has symptoms (prophylactic treatment) because that increases the risk of resistance developing. According to the General Health Protection-Department of Health (2006), nurses must ensure that General practitioners (GP) do not prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily for the residents. It is important that antimicrobials are administered appropriately to ensure successful treatment and reduce the development of resistance. Policies and Procedures According to Nazarko (2007b), there are several policies that the National Health board formulated to implement healthy practice within the care home setting. These policies are implemented in every Nursing Home; as observed, the manager also ensures that these policies and procedures are made available to the staffs for all the time. This may ensure that written policies, procedures and guidance for the prevention and control of infection are implemented. The manager also engages staff throughout the care home to promote and secure the implementation of best practice in the prevention and control of infection. In the nursing homes, there are several infection control procedures. On where the student works, hand hygiene, disinfecting, personal protective equipment, and safe use and disposal of sharps are the very common practices. These practices are beneficial to both the residents and the staff. The practice of these procedures can also be found in the Infection control manuals that are located in all units in the nursing home. As mention on the previous section, the manuals are placed in a certain area of the institution to make it accessible to all the staffs. From the manual, aseptic techniques based from the UK standards were identified. There are 3 aseptic techniques that are commonly identified by the UK healthcare system. These are 1. Hand hygiene, 2. Personal Protective equipment and 3. Safe use and disposal of sharps. The student will discuss briefly on the later part of this essay. Hand Hygiene The most basic aseptic technique found to be the most common is Hand hygiene. On the study made by Knoll and Lautenschlaeger (2010), demonstrates compliance of the staffs in the nursing home with regard to hand hygiene guidelines can be significantly influenced by a number of factors. According to the research article by Rickard (2006), the link between hand hygiene and the infection rate in healthcare establishments is not in doubt. Research articles and reviews have demonstrated the evidence that increased hand-hygiene performance reduces the infection rate. Careful infection-control practice, including frequent hand washing, will remain critical for limiting the spread of infection. Also, very importantly, is the availability of soap, hand towels, disinfectant and disposable cleaning cloths. Infection control is an extremely important aspect of health care. Based on the research by Gould (2001), cold and flu may also be acquired by failing to perform hand hygiene. The cause of the increase of incidence of flu in the nursing homes must be from noncompliance of basic hand hygiene. It was also reported that improper or failure to perform hand washing can cause pneumonia in older people and in people who are diagnosed with chronic illnesses (Stanwell-Smith, 2008). Based on what the student found out, several journals that discuss about the cause infections in the health care setting were mostly from the staffs poor hygiene practices. Although these measures are all important in the prevention of cross-infection, they are not likely to be used appropriately without education and monitoring of hand washing and cleaning practices of all staff. Personal Protective Equipment Infection control is also concerned with personal protective equipment or PPE. Personal protective equipments in the workplace are also used such as disposable gloves and plastic aprons. By definition by Williams (2008), Personal protective equipment or PPE is a specialized protective covering worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials. The use of PPE is essential when working in a healthcare setting. The purpose of PPE is to prevent the worker from coming into contact with infection. Usage of PPE promotes health and safety upon working with clients (Brown and Nay, 2006). From the students basic experience, the most basic principle of infection control based from the infection control manual is to work from clean to dirty. In this instance, this refers to getting in contact with clean body sites or surfaces before touching dirty or heavily contaminated areas. This method prevents any debris from spreading toward the cleaner surface. This principle had been compet ently practiced by the staffs on where the student works. Safe Disposal of Sharps Safe disposal of sharps is the third most practiced infection control procedure in the healthcare setting. Ideally, the contaminated syringe needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp devices should be thrown away in a sharps bin (Aitkenhead, 2009). As being observed by the student, sharps bin are located in a protected room in the nurses station where residents with mental incapacity, such as dementia, will not be able to gain access on the bin. Based on the article by Trim (2004), numerous staffs sustain sharps injury. In his definition, sharps injury is an injury where a sharp material contaminated with body fluids, penetrates the skin. Majority of the sharps injuries are avoidable and happen when they are handled or disposed in an unsafe manner. Aside from these three main techniques to prevent spread of infection in the nursing home, there are some other protocols the students workplace implements. Among these are provision of yellow bins, plastic bags and red hampers. Waste Segregation, Use of Bins, and Laundry Waste segregation had also been part of infection control. According to Conrardy and Hillanbrand (2010), the safe and effective disposal of waste starts with the healthcare professionals or practitioners. Staff in the nursing homes had been instructed to dispose infectious waste such soiled dressings, catheter bags, incontinent bags, etc. in the yellow bin and domestic waste on the black bin. Nappies and incontinence pads however are thrown in black bins. The protocol of pads disposal on where the student works is being followed by staff. Soiled nappies and incontinence pads are being wrapped with plastic bags prior to disposal on the black bin. Aside from that, instructions are given to staffs to be familiar with the waste management policy and procedures for health care waste management. The policies and procedures manual for waste management is accessible to everybody as it is together with the infection control manual. According to Ashurst (2010), it is part of the Care Quality Commissions responsibilities to ensure that care homes meet the requirements of the national agenda for infection prevention and control; this includes monitoring laundry facilities. Based on the practice on where the student works, soiled linens are placed on a special kind of bag before placing in to red hampers. Dirty linens are being handled with extra care paid to the potential spread of infection. It is also stated on the manual that gloves and disposable plastic apron should be worn upon handling of soiled garments. It is impossible to avoid all contact with infected tissue or potentially contaminated body fluids, excreta, and secretions. Appropriate barriers such as gloves should be used when handling potentially contaminated linen followed by hand hygiene after removal of the gloves. If a certain material is reusable, transmission of infective agents is prevented by cleaning and by appropriate disinfection or steril ization. All staffs have a responsibility to prevent and control the spread of any infection that may threaten a care home with vulnerable older people in residence. Laundry services also have the potential to set a positive impression for visitors. Staffs working tirelessly behind the scenes in the laundry are sometimes in danger of being forgotten, so their major role in ensuring safety through infection control and securing the homes reputation must be acknowledged. It is not just about utilising the most efficient chemicals and cleaning solutions in order to prevent infection. The training of staff can also be seen as an important preventative measure. If workers can understand and appreciate the issues concerned with infection control and management it is more likely they will follow procedures. Application to Practice It is not just prevention that makes up infection control, the process of surveillance and investigation can also be involved. Fundamentally this is the detection of infection origins and symptoms in order to develop efficient preventative measures. The student has gathered information regarding infection control and may also be helpful to some staffs, residents, and even relatives. On the recent learning that the student was able to gain upon the composition of this paper, he may be able to share the knowledge regarding infection control towards other staffs, especially those who involve in direct care to the clients. Ideal procedures and latest evidence-based practices may also be implemented when students knowledge will be shared. The basis of infection prevention and control is the attention to hygiene. Microorganisms can be found everywhere and the cleanliness of individuals, equipment and the environment is essential in reducing the risk of infection. Paying attention to the ba sics of nursing practice such as bed bathing, oral hygiene, nutrition and elimination is not only part of the caring aspect of nursing, but also necessary for preventing cross-infection. The Infection Control Nurses Association devised a tool to determine of certain. According to the NHS Chief Medical director, Mr. Donalson (2005), this infection control audit tool for primary and community care settings builds on previous work for acute Trusts and provides a standardised method for monitoring both clinical practice and the environment. The feedback may enable the staff to know and systematically identify the points where improvement is greatly needed. Thus, enables them to give minimize infection and give quality care for the residents. However, this type of tool was never implemented by the manager on where the student works. Perhaps, knowing the existence of this tool may be very helpful to the company when introduced

Andy Warhol Essay -- Biography Biographies

Andy Warhol It is rare for an artist to become a celebrity, but Andy Warhol experienced much more than his â€Å"fifteen minutes of fame†, and became an icon of his generation. Warhol was involved in many artistic fields such as painting, filmmaking and photography, but nevertheless was a businessman, social connoisseur and self-promoter. He was a major contributor to the Pop art movement, a period when mainstream objects, such as comic strips, advertisements and celebrity photos, were incorporated into many works. Warhol’s Campbell Soup series and later his celebrity series are some of the most well known works of pop art, that are still referenced in print and advertising today. However, not all of his works dealt with intriguing celebrities or mainstream advertising. Few people are familiar with Warhol’s darker side, evident in his â€Å"Disaster† paintings, a period in which such tragedy as, car accidents, suicide and capital punishment captured Warhol’s in terest. These morbid works differ from his Pop Art masterpieces, and are crucial in understanding Warhol’s overall body of work. Warhol graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, with a degree in pictorial design. He then went to New York City to work as a commercial illustrator, and later began painting towards the late 1950’s. His work did not gain notoriety until around 1962 when his Campbell soup prints and Marilyn Monroe painting gained respect in the art world. However this period was a tumultuous ...

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Character of Alice in Animal Dreams :: Animal Dreams Essays

The Character of Alice in Animal Dreams      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She is dead.   She does not appear physically but haunts mentally.   She is Codi and Hallie's mother Alice, the late wife of Homero Noline.   Throughout the novel Animal Dreams by Barbara Kingsolver, Alice impacted the characters, action, and theme(s).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Alice passed away she took part of Homer with her.   What she left was a misfit of time and circumstance; an emotionally distraught and distant man who attempted to resemble a father but veered more towards the tin man. Homero existed beyond his wife as only a page out of an instruction manual, the one with the caution statement. Homero's delicate heart decided that the only way to endure Alice's death was to flush any remembrance or resemblance of her out of his fortified technical realm which throughout the novel becomes increasingly skewed. Kingsolver pushes home this idea by omitting Alice from any of Homer's frequent flashbacks which are usually mishaps from the past involving his daughters.   These incidents are his only recollection of his daughters' estranged childhood   in which he strained to create slippery and unmothered women.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer's fear of becoming attached to anything which reminded him of Alice resulted in an unorthodox childhood for Hallie and Codi.   Homero was more of a child mechanic than a father.   Retaining only   his technical aptitude after Alice died all he could do was provide his kids with orthopedic shoes and the correct medicine.   When not fixing Codi or Hallie's present or future ailments Homero took photographs of natural objects and slyly transformed them into man- made devices by doing what he seemed to be best at, distorting images.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Codi, similar to her father mentally blocked out her past.   Her childhood remained within her as only a series of stained and misplaced memories.   Codi attempted to follow in her father's emulsion lined footprints, fixing every one of life's problems with an internal wrench.  Ã‚  Ã‚   By approaching life from behind this falsified image Codi managed to distance herself from everything and everyone who could have hurt her.   One aspect of life and time in which Codi was bred to be distanced from is the past.   As Codi grew older she

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

I am Sorry I Hurt You Essay -- Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Rachel, I had a sleepless night thinking about what happened to us that night. I least expected it, I experienced the worst headache ever, all I could hear was my heart beating faster than it ever has. I cursed my stars that night, as my expectation for the night was so much greater, but it ended in a far different way that made my heart choke with tears of losing something I've always wanted and fought for. We all made mistakes not trying to understand each other, some words did hurt in some way and I guess we got carried away after all those arguments of whether I have an intimate relationship with Marie. I guess this issue has always been the block of our relationship getting worked out. I know it's been hard for you trying to understand the real truth. Perhaps I need to give...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Pizza †Marketing Essay

2. Summary: a. Overall Score i. With this Competitive Profile Matrix, a couple of conclusions can be made. Firstly, when comparing Pizza Hut to its competitors, it can be seen that Pizza Hut had a higher score than Papa John’s but scored lower than Dominos. This shows that overall Pizza Hut is doing better than Papa John’s in terms of identifying strengths and working with weaknesses. When looking at Dominos, however, it shows that Dominos is a lot better at turning these success factors into strengths rather than weaknesses. b. Weights ii. When focusing on weights alone, however, some other conclusions can be drawn and also differ in outcomes when looking at the overall score. The most important things we identified in the pizza industry are product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising. As a group we weighted product quality and price equally with advertising being the second most important thing. For comparison, it can be seen that Domino’s takes the cake when dealing with product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising especially in the recent years as they have re-launched and revamped their entire recipe and product quality, advertising, marketing, and offering great pricing that are mostly the best deals around. They have owned up to the past disappointments and issues and have completely redone itself entirely for the consumers. By using quality ingredients and constructing their marketing to where the consumers drive their commercials and advertising they have definitely surpassed the other surviving pizza chains. Pizza Hut and Papa John’s comes in a close second to product quality as they are fresh and quality products. Pizza Hut ranks higher than Papa John’s for price competitiveness because as a group we see more Dominos and Pizza Hut deals versus seeing any type of Papa John’s coupons. Also, Papa John’s is priced fairly higher than either Pizza Hut or Dominos. Advertising, however, proves a minor weakness for Pizza Hut as very rarely do you see Pizza Hut commercials in comparison to Dominos and Pap Johns. c. Strengths iii. Pizza Hut is the leader in global expansion and correctly identifies its target market. The company will want to keep this apart of their strengths to keep up and always be a step ahead in these aspects. This will then ensure accessibility which is an important factor for generating revenues and thus creating a loyal customer base. d. Concerns iv. Some areas that Pizza Hut was rated lower than the other two competitors besides the ones addressed above is the organic foods factor. Many people want organic pizzas and the only chain coming close is Papa John’s which uses quality ingredients, some of which either local or organic. Although it does not seem like a huge deal in the present, eventually more and more consumers will be looking for this and have nowhere to turn but the company who falls close to the mark.

Hutu Tribe

Hutu The mention of the word â€Å"Hutu† immediately conjures up images of mass murder from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The recent film Hotel Rwanda brought the horrible atrocities of that genocide to the public eye. However, it is not only in Rwanda that the Hutu have been involved in ethnic war. The country of Burundi, a neighbor to Rwanda, was the site of the first violence between the Hutu and the Tutsi. The Hutu people of Burundi have a rich culture and history that has been largely overshadowed by ethnic conflict. The Hutu are a Bantu tribe numbering about thirteen million (Newbury 2001).Traditionally the Hutu organized themselves in clans and family groups through patrilineal decent (Ndarishikanye 1998). Within these groups they practiced polygyny and bridewealth as part of the institution of marriage (McDonald et. al 1969). Like many African tribes the Hutu’s religious beliefs include the spirit world. The supreme God Imana is seen as the giver of all good whil e there are lesser spirits who do evil (book). The Hutu inhabit the high plateau of the central African Rift Valley and inhabited 85% of Rwanda and Burundi before the ethnic wars in those countries (CIA World Factbook).The Hutu inhabit diverse geographies. In the southeast region of the Rwanda and Burundi territory there are open grasslands which are ideal for pastoral people. In the western region of the countries there are mountains. The west is good land for agriculture because it reliably receives rainfall. In the northeast there are lowlands that are along Lake Tanganyika (Newbury, 2001). This vast array of ecologies provides different possibilities for food production or procurement.The Hutu are traditionally agriculturalist but they did get involved in herding cattle because of the closely related Tutsi tribe. The Hutu wanted cattle and the Tutsi wanted laborers. To appease both groups, agreements called ubuhake were made. These agreements exchanged the Tutsi cattle for the H utu labor. In other words when a Hutu entered this agreement he received cattle but in return became submissive to a Tutsi owner (Louis 1963). This is one reason that the minority Tutsi rose to control economics and rule over the majority Hutu, this would later lead to ethnic conflict.The ethnic conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu is most famous in Rwanda but the Hutu of Burundi have also been severely affected by ethnic tension throughout the years. Understanding the causes and effects of the violence is a part of understanding the history of the Hutu people. The causes of the ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi are not simply explained. In fact, in 1931 Bernard Zuure, a missionary with seventeen years of work in Burundi, noted that it was pointless to distinguish between the Hutu and Tutsi because their cultures were so similar (Zuure 1931).What then caused the separation between the two ethnicities? According to Alphonse Rugambarara the separation of identities came wh en there was a specific political agenda to create separate Tutsi and Hutu ideologies. These terms created animosity and dichotomist identities where there was actually little difference (Rugambarara 1990). The identities of Hutu and Tutsi were so significant that other ethnicities or social segregations became less important. The role of the Hutu as submissive to the Tutsi was engrained in society.An example of this is that in the Kirundi language (spoken by the Hutu) there is not a word equivalent to the English equality or liberty so Hutu’s could not even verbalize a desire for freedom (Lermarchand 1995). Given the strong identity associated with ethnicity in Burundi the complications behind the explanation of the 1972 genocide are understandable. To get to the root of the problem or causes of the genocide is difficult because the perceptions of the Hutu and Tutsi about the conflict are very different (Lermachand 1995). Liisa Malkki studied Hutu refugees in Tanzania who ha d fled from the genocide.She discovered that in the refugee camps â€Å"mythico-histories† were created. These were stories or parables that the Hutu told which constructed their history and moral truths (Milkka, 1989). These stories were not necessarily untrue or true but they served to construct the identity of the Hutu and the cause of the genocide. The Hutu were not the only tribe developing â€Å"mythico-histories. † The truth is very hard to discern among many â€Å"histories† (Lermarchand 1995). Beyond the â€Å"why’s† of the conflict we can conclude the â€Å"what’s. † What actually took place in Burundi in 1972?In the spring of 1972 on April 29th the Hutu attempted a rebellion against the ruling Tutsi. In response the Tutsi retaliated with warfare. Within several weeks roughly 100,000 people were killed in the ethnic conflict. Of the total population of Burundi 3. 5 percent were wiped out (Mikksa 1989). This was not the last of ethnic violence in Burundi. In 1993 the country saw more violence when its first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, was assassinated (Lemarchand 2001). The Hutu reacted to the Tutsi murder of their president by killing an estimated 20,000 Tutsi in the two months following the assassination (Lemarchand 2001).Blame for the violence between the two ethnicities cannot be placed on one group or the other, they are both responsible. The history between the Tutsi and the Hutu is full of attack and reaction sequences. Both the Tutsi and the Hutu wanted to have, â€Å"the last word. † With a long history of violence between Tutsi and Hutu in Burundi there have been severe repercussions. The largest affect of the genocide has been the diaspora of Burundi. The conflict in Burundi created both Tutsi and Hutu refugees in search of safety.The UN Refugee Agency (UN Refugee Agency 2007) estimated in June 2007 that a total of 464,026 Burundians had been displaced from their homes. Of that g roup 48,144 had returned to Burundi and 396,541 were still in refugee status (UN Refugee Agency 2007) Of the refugees still in refugee status, not including internally displaced persons (IDP) the UNHCR is assisting 164,191 (UN Refugee Agency 2007). What exactly do all these terms and numbers mean? Put simply they mean that there are hundreds of thousands of people who were forced or chased away from their homes and livelihoods.The UNHCR defines a refugee as â€Å"a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution† (UN Refugee Agency 2007) Under such conditions it is expected that any people group will undergo significant changes. Liisa Milkka has written a book about the ref ugee status of the Hutu’s in Tanzania.She spent one year in Tanzania studying two groups of refugees. Many refugees fled to Tanzania after the genocide of 1972 in Burundi. The first group lived in an isolated refugee camp and the other settled near the town of Kigoma. The town refugees tended to be dispersed amongst non-refugees while the camp refugees were concentrated all in one place (Milkka 1989). Because of these arrangements the town refugees assimilated into the town culture. They took on many identities and did not solely live as â€Å"Hutu† or as â€Å"refugees† (Milkka 1992). Naturally it was more ifficult for the camp people to do the same because they had isolated themselves from the Tanzanians. The camp culture glorified the Hutu identity as the original inhabitants of Burundi who would one day return there to reestablish their kingdom (Milkka 1989). The status of refugee for these camp people was a great thing. It made them become â€Å"a purer an d more powerful Hutu† (Milkka, 1992). These differences between refugee definitions of â€Å"Hutu† complicate the Hutu ethnicity further. Instead of creating more confusion and uncertainty for the Hutu there should be a movement toward unity.This is exactly the approach that the Burundi government has taken to appease the violence between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Instead of stressing differences the government wants to stress unity. By focusing on national unity, democracy, and individual rights the Burundi government has tried to dissolve ethnic tensions (Ndarishikany, 1998). Some discussion has been made about the benefit that could come from reinstating the Burundian abashingatahe (Herisse 2002), which in traditional Burundian society was a judge, moral interpreter and well respected man (Newbury, 2001).The abashingatahe served to reconcile families with communities, certify marriages, settle litigations, maintain peace, and in general speak in favor of human rights ( Herisse 2002). It is argued that bringing this social force back into practice will begin to reconstruct social unity in Burundi. This may be just what the Hutu people need to come together and rebuild. The troubles of the genocides between the Tutsi and Hutu have strained both cultures. Many refugees created by the genocides in Rwanda and Burundi have integrated themselves into foreign cultures.Just an hour to the north of us there are Burundi refugees in the city of Buffalo. These refugees come to the US speaking little if any English. They eventually get jobs and become functioning civilians. As Burundians assimilate into American culture they will eventually lose some of their â€Å"distinct† cultural features. Understanding some of the history of Burundian Hutu’s and the reasons behind the ethnic conflict with the Tutsi can increase the effectiveness with which we help refugees integrate into American society. Works Citied CIA World Factbook. (Nov. 1 2007). Burund i.Retrieved Nov. 13, 2007. https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by. html#People Lemarchand, Rene. (1998). Genocide in the Greak Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose genocide? African Studies Review, 41, 3-16. Retrieved November 7, 2001, from JSTOR. Malkki, Liisa. (1992). National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology, 7, 24-44. from JSTOR. Malkka, Liisa. (1989). Purity and Exile  : Transformations in Historical-National Consciousness among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania.Ann Arbor: University Microfilsm. Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization. Cultural Anthropology, 11, 377-404. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from JSTOR. McDonald, Gordon C. Brenneman, Lyle E. , Hibbs, Roy V. , James Charlene, A. , Vincenti, Violeta. (1969). Area handbook for Burundi. Ndarishikanye, Barnabe. (1998). The Question of the Protection of Mino rities in Burundi. Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 26, 5-9, Retrieved November 8, 2007, from JSTOR. Newbury, David. 2001) Precolonial Burundi and Rwanda: Local Loyalties, Regional Royalties. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 34,. 255-314. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from JSTOR. Rockfeler, Herisse, P. (2002). Democracy, Governance and Conflict in Burundi. Peace Studies Journal. 1-10. Rugambarara, Alphonse. (1990). Conscience ethnique. Le Reveil, July-August, 35-40. The UN Refugee Agency. (daily updated). 2006 Refugee Statistics. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007. http://www. unhcr. org/statistics/STATISTICS/4676a71d4. pdf. Zuure, Bernard. (1931). L’ame du Murundi. Paris: Beauchesne.

Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey :: essays research papers

     In Webster’s Dictionary, a legend is characterized as an individual noted for fearless acts or respectability of direc...