Organ Selling

Name Term paper for Health Economics, Econ 339 Kidney for Sale Is the Idea Legal, Ethical, or Economically Sound? Abstract Each year thousands of peck die while waiting for a kidney transplant. A merchandise for kidney deals is currently contra criminalised in nearly every country. This paper addresses the legal and honorable issues, as well as the economic effects that a legal commercialize would create. The sideline aspects of such a market were explored the ethical pros and cons the current bell ceiling for a legal kidney the current supply and demand of donor kidneys the dependable market set and the effect on supply and demand in a legalized market.The conclusion is that if paying a living donor can be make legal and as ethically acceptable as other(a) medical practices, kidney changes would be economically sound. Keywords Market for variety meat, Health Market Reform, Sales of Organs 1 Introduction Should organ sales be legalized in the United States? In todays soc iety, many slew ar suffering from diseases and conditions that supplicate an organ transplant in order to survive. The transplant list for those in need of a new organ such as a kidney seems endless. all(prenominal) day, nearly 74 people receive an organ transplant, while each day another 17 people die waiting for their transplant due(p) to the lack of donated variety meat (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). Why is the demand so large? Why are there not enough? Should some single be able to care his organ to a person in need? Is it legal, ethical or even economically sound to create a market for the sale of a kidney? What economic effects might there be if kidney sales were legalized? In the past few decades, immunosuppressive therapy and improved organ transplant expertise run through increased the survival calculate of kidney transplant patients (Ghod & Shekoufeh, 2006).For end stage renal disease (ESRD), transplantation, not kidney dialysis, has become the preferred treatment, b ecause it provides the patient with an improved survival rate and a better character of life (Ghod & Shekoufeh, 2006). In turn, the number of patients with ESRD existence treated by dialysis and waiting for transplantation continues to outstrip the donor pool of kidneys (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). The donor pool consists primarily of deceased donors and some live donors. Statistics show that only about 30% of Americans register to donate their variety meat after(prenominal) destruction (Knapp, 2005). over the past ten years, the number of deceased donor kidneys has not increased despite efforts by the National Kidney Foundation, State Drivers License promotions, and celebrity ad campaigns (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). In First World and middle-income countries, the demand for donor kidneys has increased. The populations of these countries live chronic and typically develop ailments such as hypertension and diabetes caused by obesity 2 scalawag which contribute to kidney failur e (The Economist, 2008). Fewer deaths from strokes, heart attacks and motor vehicle accidents pick up reduced the supply of mud donors (The Economist, 2008).Each year, the wait list grows longer. Figure 1 illustrates that the demand for kidney transplants has grget faster than the actual supply of kidneys. As of January 2007, there were nearly 95,000 people waiting for an organ transplant (Bramstedt, 2007). In a one year period, 7,000 people died waiting. Of those 7,000, approximately 4,000 were waiting for a kidney (Bramstedt, 2007). The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) predicts that by 2010, there will be nearly 100,000 people who will have to wait an average of ten years for a renal transplant (Bramstedt, 2007).If this trend continues, the supply of kidneys will never come closure to meeting the demand. Given this dilemma, it is necessary to at least consider other options to procuring the needed kidneys. 2 Legalizing Kidney Sales? A controversial solution is to lift th e banning on purchasing kidneys from live donors, or permitting some type of compensation to the families of cadaver donors (Castro, 2003). Currently, the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) deems the sale of organs culpable and those who are found guilty of this act could be fined or sentenced to prison (Mayes, 2003).This ban on kidney sales in effect makes the maximum legal price for a kidney $0 (Cloutier, 2007). This is called a price ceiling. Figure 2 demonstrates that only 20,000 kidneys would be supplied through donation when the price is $0. However, 80,000 are demanded. This leaves a shortage of 60,000 kidneys which is the passing between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied when the price is $0 (Cloutier, 2007). 3 scallywag Whether or not to reverse or amend this act has been a athletic field of great debate. There are numerous legal, ethical, and economic questions that are being argued by an array of experts. . 1 The arguments against legalization Opponents of kidney sales argue that this type of market would exploit the worthless population (Erin & John, 2003). According to Nancy Scheper-Hughes, who is an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley, the demand for gay organs would feed off the desperation of the poor who she believes would supply the majority of the organs (Hall, n. d. ). Scheper-Hughes states, The organs are going one way. Theyre going from poor people to productive people, from Third World to First World or to rich people in the Third World (Hall, n. . ). Those who make this point believe it would be morally wrong for the wealthy to exploit the poverty of those who would supply the organs in a legalized market (Hall, n. d. ). A study of paid kidney donors in India showed that selling a kidney initially bettered their economic situation, but did not lead to a lifetime of economic benefit (Goyal, 2002). A second argument against legalizing kidney sales has been that the buying and selling of organs violates the dignity of the human person, and it treats the kidney like a good (Friedman & Friedman, 2006).Critics claim that the dignity of a human being is denied when his basic parts, such as kidneys, are sold even after he has died and no longer needs them (Castro, 2003). With respect to treating kidneys as a commodity, Scheper-Hughes who strongly objects to the legalization of kidney sales states, Its a question of whether you want to turn the body into a manufactory of spare parts that becomes simply comodified (Hall, n. d. ). Although there are a variety of other opinions for not legalizing kidney sales, the two previously mentioned are the ones that are most oftentimes argued. Page 2. 2 The arguments in favor of legalization Setting aside the major criticisms, some arguments in favor of kidney sales can be discussed. First, people have the self-direction or right to self-govern and make their have decisions about what is moral or ethical (Merriam- vanester Online Dictionary, 2008). Supporters of this opinion feel that it is not only ethical to sell a kidney, but a right because it is their body and their life. In his article, Biotechnology, Ethics and Free Markets, (2008) Julian Savulescu poses an interesting thought.He states, But if you own anything, have a natural right to anything, it is surely your own body. Indeed the fact that we can give organs and parts of our body away implies that we own them. cock-a-hoop implies ownership if we can give, we can sell (Salvulescu, 2008). People take all kinds of risks, including some for currency. Some may choose risky jobs because they have determined that the money out adjures the risk (Erin & John, 2003). Others risk damaging their body for pleasure by participating in activities such as smoking or skydiving (Erin & John, 2003).Their activities would not be banned or judged. Friedman sums up the autonomy argument for permitting kidney sales. He states, The case for legalizing kidney purchase hinges on the key premise that individuals are entitled to control of their own body parts even to the point of inducing risk of life (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). A second reason that supports the legalization of kidney sales is financial incentives would lead to to a greater extent donations, which in turn would observe more lives. Dr. Arthur Matas proposes a plan in which donors would be able to sell a kidney.The government would set a price and the expenses would be paid for by the recipients health damages, which would usually be Medicare (Perry, 2007). The sellers would be screened both medically and psychologically prior to the transplant. They would then be followed to determine the impact the sale had on their lives as well as their health (Perry, 2007). Mark J. Perry, a professor of economics and finance at 5Page the University of Michigan, uses economics to show how a proposal such as Matass could increase the number of organs available for transplant. He explained that whenever there are shortages, market pricing is absent.Market pricing will reduce or eliminate shortages. Therefore, market pricing for kidneys would eliminate or reduce the shortage and save thousands of lives every year (Perry, 2007). A fair market minimum price, much like a minimum wage for labor, would prevent the poor from being taken receipts of, and give buyers a chance at life (Savulescu, 2008). A fair market price of $45,000 was suggested by the Nobel laureate (in economics) Becker (Savulescu, 2008). He based this fair market price on an average annual salary of $40,000, which would be a lifetime income of 3 million (Savulescu, 2008).He calculated the risk of death at 1%, and a 5% decrease in the quality of life during the recovery period, which equaled $7,000 (Savulescu, 2008). He adjusted the price of the fair market after calculating the true risk of death at about 1/300. This made the final fair market price $20,000 (Savulescu, 2008). Figure 3 illustrates what would devolve if the ban on kidney sales was lifted (Cloutier, 2007). The graph indicates that at $30,000, the amount of kidneys supplied would meet the number of kidneys demanded. Also, as the amount of money paid per kidney rises, the number of kidneys supplied would increase.Therefore, the equipoise would be reached at $30,000 thus eliminating the shortage (Cloutier, 2007). In short, payment for kidneys equals lives saved. The third reason to permit the sale of kidneys is that it would be a financial benefit for an insurance company or Medicare (University of Maryland medical examination Center, 2006). Researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine determined that a kidney transplant not only improved the quality of life for their patients, but it also saved money (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006).They found that it was cheaper to have a transplant than to stay on 6Page kidney dialysis for years until a donor match was found (University of Maryland Medical C enter, 2006). In fact, the researchers discovered the break even point was 2. 7 years, which saved the infirmary about $27, 000 per year, per patient (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). Perhaps, even more significant was the finding that the use of living donor kidneys decreased costs because they functioned better than cadaver kidneys right after transplant (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). 3 AssessmentA review of both sides of this issue leads to the conclusion that selling a kidney should be legal and ethical, and it would be economically favorable because it would benefit thousands of people. The first opposing view was that a market for kidney sales would exploit the poor population. This argument is imperfect because being poor does not make a person incapable of making a rational decision (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). They are certainly able to weigh the risks of this choice. According to Savulescu (2008), If altruistic donation is safe enough, then co mmercial donation should be just as safe if it is legalized. Also, keeping the poor population from being donors prevents them from improving their financial situation (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). Finally, the gap between supply and demand for a kidney also concerns the poor because it creates a situation where someone could take advantage of them (Economist, 2008). If a legal market was regulated, there would be less possibility for black market activities because there would be no direct sales or purchases. Therefore, there would be no exploitation of the poor in other countries (Erin & John, 2003).The second argument against legalizing kidney sales is that the buying and selling of organs violates the dignity of the human person, and it treats the kidney like a commodity (Friedman & Friedman, 2006). This position is also flawed. Savulescu (2008) states, Where a 7Page fair price is set, sellers are making judgments about how to promote their own well-being and other values. This i s the expression of human dignity to be autonomous. Treating the kidney as a commodity is no contrastive than the sale of hair, eggs, blood or semen.Currently, the sale of these bodily materials is legal and ethically accepted despite the fact that they are sold by an unequally large portion of people who are poor (Castro, 2003). 4 Conclusion If paying a living donor can be made legal and as ethically acceptable as other medical practices, kidney sales would be economically sound. Establishing a fair market price for a kidney would address concerns about equity and prevent exploitation by those in an illegal market (Savulescu, 2008). A fair market price would also likely entice more people to sell a kidney.This in turn would increase the supply, decrease the demand and eliminate the shortage. References (2008, October 9). The gap between supply and demand. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from Economist. com Web site http//www. economist. com/world/international/ displaystory. cfm? st ory_id=12380981 Autonomy. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/autonomy Bramstedt, K (2007). Checklist Passport, plane ticket, organ transplant. American Journal of Transplantation. 7(7), 1698-1701. 8Page Castro, L. D. 2003). Commodification and exploitation Arguments in favor of compensated organ donation. Journal of Medical Ethics. 29, 142-146. Doucet, B (2008). Kidney kingpin case highlights practical & ethical arguments for free markets. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from Quebecois Libre Web site http//www. quebecoislibre. org/08/080210-4. htm Erin, C. A. , & Harris, J (2003). An ethical market in human organs. Journal of Medical Ethics. 29, 137-138. Friedman, A. L (2006). Payment for living organ donation should be legalized. BMJ. 333, 746-748. Friedman, E. A. , & Friedman, A. L. , (2006).Payment for donor kidneys Pros and cons. Kidney International, 69, 960-962. Ghods, A. J. , & Savaj, S (2006 ). Live kidney organ donation Is it time for a different approach?. Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology. 1, 1136-1145. Goyal, M, Mehta, R. L, Schneiderman, L. J, & Sehgal, A. R. (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1589-1593. Hall, Joseph (n. d. ). Opening up the market for organs Support grows for selling body parts, donors for profit dont really benefit. Toronto Star.Knapp, T (2005, April 4). Organ agonistes. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from Free-Market News Network Web site http//www. freemarketnews. com/ abbreviation/118/1275/April-4 2005. asp? nid=1275=118 9Page Mayes, G (2003). Buying and selling organs for transplantation in the United States. Medscape Transplantation, 4(2), Retrieved November 23, 2008, from http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/465200_print Perry, M (2007, December 13). Markets in everything Organ sales. Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Carpe Diem Web si te http//mjperry. blogspot. com/2007/11/ markets-ineverything-organ-sales. tml Savulescu, Julian (2008, September 8). Biotechnology, ethics and free markets. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from University of Oxford Web site http//www. practicalethicsnews. com/practicalethics/2008/06/setting-a-minim. html Savulescu, Julian (2008, June 19). Setting a minimum price for the sale of organs. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from University of Oxford Web site http//www. practicalethicsnews. com/practicalethics/2008/06/setting-a-minim. html 10 P a g e Appendix Figure 1 Illustrates that the wait list rises at a faster rate than the total number of transplants. character (Cloutier, 2007). Figure 2a A price ceiling of $0 is established due to the ban on kidney sales. Source (Cloutier, 2007). 11 P a g e How many kidneys are demanded at P=$0? 20,000 kidneys supplied (donated) at P= $0 80,000 kidneys demanded at P= $0 Figure 2b How many kidneys are supplied and demanded when the legal price is $0. So urce (Cloutier, 2007). What would happen if the ban on kidney sales was lifted? Figure 2c Shows what would happen if the ban on kidney sales was lifted. Source (Cloutier, 2007). 12 P a g e

Bead Bar Network Paper

Bead bar specializes in making beads jewellery for the customers. They put up three divisions namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board that requires to be colligateed for synchronization of activities. It is required to create a engagement design and the impound topographic anatomy which would be of good to the company for communicating the requirements and sharing study to keep in synchronization with the current state of the business.The meshing topology would be discussed which would make the communication feasible and possible with regard to all the physical and network barriers.The network design is the architecture which would give a clear witness of the interconnection of devices and the departments to facilitate the sharing of business nurture. The final section discusses the pros and cons of the proposed topology in question. Background information of Bead Bar Bead Bar as an organization is departmentalized into three divisions namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board. The present situation does not create a network among the divisions and thus creates inconsistencies in information sharing and knowledge about the company as a whole, at any given point of time.A computer network would facilitate the process of acquire the entire job done for every customer at a lesser time than usual. It would make sure that information regarding ones choice and preferences would be catered and stored for future benefits. The network would enrich the communication among the divisions which in turn would facilitate greater workability and functionality in operation. Recommendation overview The network recommendation for the Bead Bar could be capitulated into local area network and WAN.The internal network within the divisions would have a local area network network however the inter-department communication would be made possible utilize WAN. Creating a LAN would create an internal network which can be made possible for connecting the personne l in the very department itself. For the LAN network, switches and hubs are used for connecting the fix division itself and for WAN routers are used for interconnecting each other. Explanation of the Network Design All the three divisions of the company are interconnected using the network ccapable in a wired network using both LAN and WAN.Using LAN the computers are interconnected within the office or create premises so that all the employees are able to get information on demand. The head office has a central legion where all the information us stored in the database. The other offices are alike networked using the LAN technologies. The switch is two layered and used to take care of the storing and offing machine as stated in Tanenbaum (2003). Using WAN the network connections are using the public data services and get connect to internet and using VPN technology, using login credentials.Network Topology The LAN technology follows a star topology with hubs. The interconnecti ng devices used facilitate the use and share of information. The hubs are used to store and forward the information. Star topology is used which would facilitate the efficient use of network resources (Star Topology). Advantages of the architecture Having a star topology would make it less expensive in relation to mesh topology. In a star, each device needs besides one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of other devices (Forouzan, 2003). It makes the star topology easy to install and reconfigure with time and need. Star topology requires far less cabling and any additions, deletions and moves involve only one connection between that device and hub. It is quite robust in nature if one link fails the others do not cease to operate. This factor also enhances the fault identification and fault isolation. As long as the hub is in working condition, it is quite easy to monitor link problems and bypass defective links. A WAN is used for connecting to the internet so a s to get connected with the other departments across geographic locations. VPN technology is used to validate the user of the network so that the connection established is secure in nature. It would use the login name and password facilities to enable a secure way of handling data. A database server is used so that all the information is stored centrally and all the users access the information using their credentials. The VPN also makes sure that not all users would be able to access all for ms of data an data security department and integrity is restricted using the login credentials. Drawbacks of the architecture The VPN technology would be quite expensive to see (VPN). The cost of switches and hubs would be costly. The use of websites where all the computers are used for accessing directly the internet would have made the architecture more accessible but security would have been less. Even the cost of web server would be incurred quite high. Conclusion The primary objectiv e to connect has been taken into account and the network topology has been discussed to give shape to the entire network for interconnecting with the various divisions in the company.The network architecture and the drawbacks associated with it are thoroughly examined for its feasibility and communication. The network topology would have an amphetamine hand on the drawbacks and is quite sufficient to inter-connect the enterprise to capitalize on its resources. References/ Bibliography Forouzan A. Behrouz (2003). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, second edition. Tata McGraw Hill. Physinfo (2006). Network Topologies. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http//physinfo. ulb. ac. be/cit_courseware/networks/pt2_1. htm

Introduction Speech Essay

Fall seven meters get up eight is an old aphorism my grandma and mom use to tell me. Hello, my name is Nicole and I would standardised to tell you some details about myself. First of all I would like to start with my family. I have a brother (age 9) and a sister (age 12). My parents were in the middle of getting a divorce right around the time when my soda water passed away. I consider my mom one of my best friends and she is one of the few people I can go to whenever I need advice. I have not lived with them since my senior yr in high school because of some family issues. I moved around a lot my senior year and the dorm is the most stable place I have at the moment. My mom, my sister and I have a lot in common specially when it comes to hobbies. We all three enjoy to read outdoors and helping others whenever we have the chance.I love anything that deals with music. I sometimes determine like I wouldnt be able to live without it. I like singing, dancing, and playing the piano and saxophone. I have played each of those since around the age of eleven. I as well enjoy spending time with my boyfriend and friends any chance I get. At times they are all I have to make me feel wanted. After my dad passed I have depended a lot on them. My friends and boyfriend will always be important to me because I believe that my dad should have known who I will marry, who I hang out with, and what I want to do. I told him before he passed that I wanted to be a nurse, and because of that, I am determined to succeed and be a nurse so I will not let him down. To be guileless I am really scared I will fail, But then I remember the old Japanese proverb my grandma and my mom would always tell me, and I have enough courage to keep going no matter how many times I make a mistake. In conclusion, if one falls seven times he should get up eight.

Anti-Social Media: the Role of Technology in Creating Superficial Ties

ANTI-SOCIAL MEDIA THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN CREATING SUPERFICIAL TIES INTRODUCTION The general topic that I would like to explore is communication and relationships with social media. In particular I am interested in the means that social media affects the way that we create or importanttain relationships and different identities, and if this alienates us from human understanding in relationships. This topic is connected to the concepts of online communication and individualized relationships, the concept of self-disclosure and the construction of identity (Duck & McMahon, 2012).Is the bite-sized world of social media leading to bite-sized and unsubstantial personal relationships? This was a question I asked myself recently when looking at some of my own relationships friendship, romantic, professional, and family alike. Social media plays a role in numerous of those relationships these days, and what I spy is that it isnt ceaselessly for the better. The main academic article s I will reference argon written by Pavica Sheldon (M. M. C. , Louisiana State University), a graduate commandment assistant and Ph. D. tudent in the Department of Communication Studies at Louisiana State University, Xin-An Lu, an Associate Professor in The Department of Human Communication Studies at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania, USA, and Sally Dunlop, a professor at University of Australia, school of public health, and her two co-authors, Eian More and Daniel Romer, both professors at the University of Pennsylvania. This paper will first outline the main points of the aforementioned articles. I will then draw upon their themes to help answer my research questions, and I will conclude with the derivations that can be drawn.THEORY REVIEW In the Rocky Mountain Communication Review, Sheldon (2009) looks at the motivations for the phthisis of social media, Facebook in particular, and the difference in use between genders. She examines 260 university students across four co mmon factors for enter onto Facebook relationship maintenance, passing time, entertainment, and virtual community. She finds done these parameters that Females used Facebook to maintain their relationships, to be entertained, and to pass time. Males, on the another(prenominal) hand, used Facebook to develop impertinent relationships (Sheldon 54).Specifically, she found through her focus groups that those who frequent the social networking site more are doing so out of loneliness (Sheldon 55). This links directly with Xin-An Lus paper promulgated in Proteus 27 (2011). Lu takes a much broader approach looking at the affects of social media on the grounding of identity and the modern administration of non-geographical communities. Lu argues that online community helps to reduce and look at social restraints and gives the user the ability to experiment with different identities, coming together based on shared and meat (Lu 53).However, these new text-based relationships may no t have existed before and we cannot use them to replace face-to-face fundamental interactions as they are media-poor, which is defined by Lu as possessing slight immediate feedback, fewer cues and channels, and weakened personalization and language variety (Lu 52), because relationships formed in this environment may be weak, superficial, and impoverished, as compared with those formed in face-to-face communication (Lu 52).We moldiness be wary as we read through this review of the comparisons of studies conducted years apart with different conclusions, and we must remember that technology advances at such a rate that should be taken into account when looking at conclusions of past scholars. Finally, Dunlop, More and Romer discuss the positive aspects for having an enlarged network of life, especially for adolescents who have been open(a) to, or are turn overing of suicide, stating that social networking sites may provide both greater exposure to such information and also greater social support to those who obtain this information (Dunlop et al. 078). This article, published in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, suggests that online forums, which are often anonymous and have no connection back to the user, are more strongly related to increases in suicide ideation (Dunlop et al. 1078) than social networking sites. Nevertheless, the study shows that social networking sites increase exposure to stories of other suicides, and increase exposure causes increased suicide ideation, and increased curiosity to research and find forums and blogs.This is important to an article discussing youth and the internet, as new innovations are taking place at an alarming rate, and there are new ways to communicate and receive information every day. This article is succinct and fact based, studying the different uses for the internet and social networking sites, and identity creation and anonymity on the World Wide Web. DISCUSSION Communication is more than just th e exchange of linguistic communication, it involves a transaction between two people that results in a shared gist and understanding (Duck and McMahon 82).This greater level of communication involves more than the sending or exever-changing of symbols, but more the negotiation of the shared meaning between people based on their personal connections. A key element to creating this understanding is engaged listening which allows the listener to move beyond the words said for a greater understanding of the overall message. Usually, this involves the richness of face-to-face interaction. Online communications lack this richness due to the lack of incorporation of non-verbal communications, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, with the words being said (Duck and McMahon 228).The ease with which online communications become asynchronous cause concern for the development of understanding of social cues that are present in face to face interactions that hinder those who use the f ailsafe of online interaction to save face and to compensate for their own perceived shortcomings. Duck and McMahan state that online media has importantly increased the number of significant ties that people maintain, while the number of core ties remains the same.We can become so seduced by the ease of connecting with others online that we begin to think that these relationships are more intense, more committed and more complete than they really are. We run the risk of alienating the people who populate our daily lives in credit line of intimacy with our online friends. Another downside of social media relationships is that we are potentially subject to emotional contagion effects, as illustrated in research by John Cacioppo, a research worker at the University of Chicago. His studies show that loneliness is transmitted via social networks.Cacioppos findings suggest that if a direct connection of yours is lonely, you are 52% more likely to be lonely if the connection is a friend of a friend, 25% more lonely, if the connection is 3 degrees out (a friend of a friend of a friend), its 15%. While this research looked at offline social networks, it may have some implications for online social networking as well. If someone in your online social network is angry, lonely, or hostile, and takes it out on you, you are more likely to transmit this mood yourself.This means that even though you may never have met this person or interacted with them in real life, their bad behaviour can still influence yours. I have personally noted people interacting in mean and vital ways that, I imagine, they would find more difficult to do in real life. This is a problem, because any kind of negativity and bad manners has the possibility to multiply exponentially. The Internet is an amazing tool. Even as it is shrinking the world and brought us closer together, it is threatening to push us further apart.Like any helpful tool, to make technology serve us well requires the exercis e of good judgment. For whatever reason, the restraints that stop or so of us from blurting out things in public we hunch forward we should not seem far weaker when our mode of communication is typing. Unfortunately, typed messages often wound even more gravely, while electronic messages of remorse have little spring to heal (Lickerman). by chance we just do not think such messages have the same power to harm as when we say them in person. Perhaps in the heat of the moment without a physical presence to hold us back, we just do not care.Whatever the reason, it is clearly far easier for us to be meaner to one another online. CONCLUSION Social networking websites provide tools by which people can communicate, share information, and create new relationships. With the popularity of social networking websites on the rise, our social interaction is effected in multiple ways as we adapt to our increasingly technological world. The way that web 2. 0 users interact and talk to each other has changed and continues to change. These users now socialize through the Internet and it takes away from the in person socialization that has been around forever.Social networking websites effect our social interaction by changing the way we interact face-to-face, how we receive information, and the dynamics of our social groups and friendships. Communicating through the Internet and social networking websites is quite different than communicating in person. When users communicate through these websites, they use things like IM and chatting as well as status or Twitter updates to talk to friends and express themselves. Chatting online is quick and easy and allows you to connect to an almost unlimited measuring of people from all over the Earth. Although theInternet connects millions of people and allows them to chat, it changes the traditional in person conversation that is important to our social lives and friendships. This change to our social interaction is not of necessity positive or negative. The change expands the different outlets through which we can communicate and as long as we remember the importance of face-to-face contact in our social lives, we can find a healthy balance between the two. These social networking websites also affect the way we receive information and news. The sites open up different portals through which we get information and create a more diverse news outlet.Rather than reading the newspaper or hearing the news on TV, we rely on our friends on the sites to give us updates on the world around us. Through Facebook or Myspace statuses, posts, comments, etc. , web 2. 0 users find new information that is most likely relevant to them. These new diverse outlets lead to users discussing world news or other information on the sites and can remove the claim to discuss these events in person. Another way that web 2. 0 sites affect the way we socially interact with one another is by changing the dynamics of our social groups and fri endships.Social networking sites create a new model of social interaction and friendships. As peoples social circles grow, the ties of the online friendships are not always as strong as in person close friendships. Although these sites can alter the dynamics of friendships in that way, it also creates lots of new friendships and increases our social interaction. The many effects of social networking websites on our social interaction with one another can be both positive and negative, all that is sure is that there is a definite effect. We must assume the increasing use of web 2. 0 sites and the different roles they play in our social lives.There is not really a need to focus on the positive or negative effects of these sites because whether the effects are good or bad depends upon the things in society that you value, and that is different for most every person. These sites will most likely continue to grow in popularity and continue to alter the way we socialize with one another and we must embrace it. SOURCES Duck, Steve & McMahon, David T. The Basics Of Communication A Relational Perspective. Los Angeles Sage 2012. Print Dunlop, S. , More, E. , & Romer, D. (2011). Where do youth learn about suicides on the Internet, and what influence does this have on unsafe ideation?Journal o Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5210 pp 1073-1080. Landau, Elizabeth. Loneliness Spreads In Social Networks. CNN. 4 December 2009. Turner Broadcasting System Inc. 1 March 2012. . Lickerman, Alex. The Effect Of Technology On Relationships. Psychology Today. 8 June 2010. Sussex Publishers, LLC. 1 March 2012. . Lu, X. (2011) Social Networking and Virtual Community. Proteus 27, 1, 51-55 Sheldon, P. (2009). Maintain or Develop advanced Relationships? Gender Differences in Facebook Use. Rocky Mountain Communication Review. 6-1, 51-56.

Patriots, Loyalist, and the Neutral Ones Stuck in the Middle

Patriots, Loyalist, and the Neutral Ones Stuck in the Middle Todays America is k presentlyn for many things however, one and only(a) of the things it is notorious for is being a free country. Becoming a free country did not come with unwrap many trials and tribulations. The freedom that the American sight now have gr receive so accustomed to started with fierce opposition not only from Britain, but from many of the Englishmen who lived in American colonies. The commonwealth that supported Britain passim the American Revolution are referred to as Loyalists.On the other side of the spectrum, the people that strongly opposed Britains rule and King George III are cognise as Patriots. Patriots fought against the acts that Britain wanted to enforce and believed the colonies should have independence from Britain. Last in that respect were the people who were neutral. While the Patriots and Loyalists were large in numbers, those in the neutral party were the minority, lots suffering h ardship due to their stance.Although the Patriots found unity in the beliefs they held towards Britain, they were a blend of people from many different backgrounds. Patriots were a blended free radical of people from different social classes, from farmers to lawyers. They did not all share the same education level or common interests. The Patriot party was not fueled by people who were seeking their own power just for the purpose of being free. They were a group of people who snarl like Britain was unjust in their tactics of rule. During, and immediately after the military conflict, a ferment of ideas argued and discussed by an assemblage of remarkable men whose likes have rarely been seen produced an innovative combination of republicanism and federalism that would serve as a model form of government for humankind, offering fresh political opportunities. (Cowley and Parker 2001) The Patriots were against what they felt was unfair taxation, which was the beginning foundation o f no taxation without representation. Some Patriots felt that loyalty should still be in place towards King George III however like those who didnt express similar loyalties, they felt that taxes should be modulate by their own legislatures, not by members of Parliament in Great Britain. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2011) One of their base core values was liberty. However the liberties they wanted or already had experienced, had been threatened by the Britains greed. They opposed being held to rules that were not order in place by the population majority.They felt it was only just that the people in the colonies have rules and regulations that they set instead of following everything that Britain desired. Patriots had an overall want for a common good. The poor people would not be held to things the rich would put in place, instead the people of the colonies would find a common unity to benefit all of its inhabitants. Loyalists were a party of people that would closely identify wi th nowadayss slogan if it isnt broke, why fix it. Everyone donjon in the colonies had adhered to the rules and regulations set forth in Britain before and in their eyes, change was not necessary.Many lacked the desire to rear against a country with so much power. Unlike the Loyalists opposing group, the demographics were much more similar in those that followed the King. Money was a common calculate for them and so was the responsibility of being a business owner. Many business owners had links to Britain that tied their livelihood in America to their loyalties they expressed for Britain. Many Loyalists had ties to Britains upper-class through marriage and other family. All factors that can solidify the stance many Loyalists chose.They also feared the upheaval that could arise without being under the ascendence of Britain. They had no way of knowing their families would be safe or that their businesses would not be destroyed. They had no reason to be confident there worries migh t be unjustified when the Patriots resorted to violence. Britain wasnt only safe because change is hard Britain was safe because of the orderliness that they maintained. Loyalists also felt it was a moral issue to not be loyal to King George III.In their eyes, they did not have the power to choose and side when their moral beliefs told them their only option was to be loyal to the crown. Finally there was the group that did not take a solid stance on either side of the debate. The neutral party was not necessarily the easier side to be on though. They tried to keep more to themselves and not be as active as others did. They tried to maintain a low profile and stay out of the way. However, by not choosing to be on one side or the other they were looked at poorly by both Patriots and Loyalists.They continued business with Britain, and followed their own protocol they deemed appropriate for themselves. Men of good will simply should not rob and butcher one another, they believed, and m any felt that the correct stance was to discontinue if at all possible from any form of participation. (Fellman 1990) Note that if at all possible was not always permitted. Nearly half of all colonists did not want to take sides. They wanted to remain neutral in the conflict between the British and the Patriots. But they were forced to choose sided once the war began. (Todd 2001) Everyone living in the American colonies during the war felt the effects. Though not all wanted to be involved, nor did many feel the need to participate, it was unavoidable. Men, women, and children shed blood there was no one who was not impacted. Being a Patriot, Loyalist, or a neutral party was based on differences varying from monetary and social class, beneficial down to fear of change however, there was no difference when comparing the high emotion and the impact experienced during the American War.Works Cited Cowley, Robert, and Geoffrey Parker. Readers Companion to Military History. Wilmington H oughton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. Fellman, Michael. inner(a) War The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. http//www. hmheducation. com/fl/pdf/resources/Grade5/T-5-1_SFLETG713311_TGL08. pdf (accessed September 14, 2012). Todd, Anne M. The Revolutionary War. Capstone, 2001.

Reservoir Dogs

germ Dogs Postmodernism theory when related to depictions can be described when the audiences delay of indecision is shattered, in order to free the audiences grasp of the directors overwork. Small changes are made to create a significant significance in the audiences mind. The director has created a launch of art that removes the audience from the conventional and emotional bond to the subject, cr eating a new perspective.Postmodern films apply the recitation of four imaginations simulation, reusing styluss, typicly drawing irony to the new style pre-fabrication, drawing a closer attention to already existing scenes and using them in the films report or dialogue intertextuality, using text that has already been used and finally bricolage, creating a film based on a collage of various some other film styles and genres. Quentin Tarantino, the famous film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and actor followed his passion from an early age. He did non watch mo vies as a child and adolescent, but he made the films a large part of his life.Tarantino, though he may deny his films to fall in the category of postmodernism, portrays various genres and styles from other movies, typically of his puerility very well. Tarantino draws upon the genres of martial arts, kung fu, grind-house, and spaghetti western films. Typically starting his films, Tarantino opens with Our Feature Presentation drawing immediate attention to the audience, transporting them in time to their days of childhood and adolescents. A director is an artist, Tarantino, though he recreated previous works of other artists, is one too.He adds his own twist to his films, in order to create a new, distinctive and pioneering film. Tarantino uses the concept of bricolage to fuse genres together in an original fantasy-like story with exaggerated confrontation scenes and violence. beginning Dogs, directed and written by Quentin Tarantino first premiered in October 1992. It is about a gr oup of criminals who where hired for a job to retrieve diamonds from a jewelry store. Things do not go as planned during the heist and the gang thinks that on that point may be a police mole among the group. But who could it be? Mr. bump, Mr. orange, Mr.White, Mr. Brown, Mr. Blue, Mr. Blonde, Nice Guy Eddie, or even head gang leader, Joe Cabot? Strangers to one another, Joe (Lawrence Tierney) assigns from each one member a color code alias. The opening scene is in a diner with all gang members sitting around a table, eating breakfast, while Mr. Brown (Quentin Tarantino) explains his interpretation of Madonnas song Like a Virgin. The men continue to discuss the importance and the meanings of popular songs, especially use uping up songs of the 1970s. Though this dialogue is rather unimportant, it shows Tarantinos tangled eye to detail.It is ironic to see Tarantino the one explaining Madonnas song, for it is his intention to class the stage for the audiences interpretation of th e film. Mr. Brown explains Madonnas sexual encounters, as she continues to remember the first time she lost her virginity and the pain she had to encounter. Tarantino intends for Reservoir Dogs to have many interpretations, and one may consider that the gang members have to be redeemed through pain and suffering. The styles that we can see throughout the film use exaggerated confrontations and violence.After the diner scene, the film continues with a Men in Black take of the gangsters walking towards the camera. Mr. White (Harvey Keitel) and Mr. Orange (Tim Roth) are now on pursuit away from the heist, as things did not go as planned as the cops showed up unexpectedly. Running on foot, they stop a car and the possessor and driver shoots Mr. Orange in the abdomen. For the remainder of the film, Mr. Orange laid on the floor of the warehouse bleeding profusely in excruciating pain. The pain that Mr. Orange faced throughout the film is the interpretation that Tarantino had intended to compare to the suffering of Madonna.Mr. Orange (Roth) was the undercover mole that was ordered to bust the head of operation, Joe Cabot (Tierney). Aside for Tarantinos significance of popular songs, he also used images inter-dispersed throughout the film Silver Surfer comic and the Get Christie Love TV show. These are a few examples of how Reservoir Dogs falls into the category of being a postmodern film through the usage of image and text, posing as in intricate part to media and society. Reservoir Dogs, a postmodern film, includes the usage of criminals falling indicating a crime and gangster movie.It also uses the formula of a western movie. Though, usually in a traditional western there is one individual who upholds law and order, Tarantino put a spin on western genres when including the style throughout his films. Reservoir Dogs use of western is slightly different, instead of one individual there is a group of men who try to restore order that has spun out of go out to arrang e a logical explanation and conclusion of who the possible informant might be. Tarantino is specific about his films, he does not intend for them to represent significant life, but rather mimic other movies.In Reservoir Dogs initial scene, the men are sitting in the diner, a very similar scene to tree-living Allens film Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) when they are sitting in a restaurant. Woodys film is considered to be a romantic comedy drama, where Tarantino, though not considering Woody when creating the scene, did not create a romantic comedy drama film, but rather a film that fell into the category of crime, mystery and thriller. Quentin Tarantino pulls from previous artists, not only text and images, but also styles, such as cinematography. In Reservoir Dogs, Tarantino uses extreme conflict and intense violent scenes.Aside from the acting, Tarantino creates a character, Mr. Pink (Steve Buscemi), who is constantly reminding the team that he is acting professional, while everyo ne else is fighting and not thinking of the future affects of their actions. Mr. Pink aside from being a better criminal, draws upon the principle that if you are not wearing a uniform you therefore fall into the real person category. Tarantino, throughout all his films, Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction (1996) and butcher Bill (2003 2004) the assassins, criminals, and law enforcements are all distinguished by their uniforms.Those who are real people wear real, daily, regular clothing, nothing that is out of the ordinary. The gang members who work for Joe Cabot are all dressed in the classic black suits with white button down dress shirts and thin black ties. The cops are wearing the typical blue uniform. It is interesting to notice that Joe and his son, though apart of the gang operation do not wear the uniform. The majority of Reservoir Dogs takes place in the dingy warehouse, where no gangster becomes a real person they do not undress from their uniforms, therefore staying as a gang ster.Though they do not postdate in becoming real people, they are redeemed of being a gangster through death, unlike Mr. Pink who runs out after they go on a trigger happy frenzy shooting one another. The idea of the members, including the cop that was taken hostage is a similar idea to William Shakespeare, who was considered an outstanding poet and dramatist during the 16th century. Typically, at the end of the plays, Shakespeare would conclude that the characters all be killed. Tarantino, a rather outstanding director and writer, pulls from these great artists to create an even greater piece of work.Quentin Tarantino, considered a postmodern filmmaker, uses references to earlier films. He blends genres from A-Z. In Reservoir Dogs, he uses many references from the French new wave directors, who were highly influential to his Production bon ton as well as his work. Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard were influential he named his production company A Band Apart. In Reservoir Do gs, Tarantino named the jewelry store Karinas after Anna Karina, star from Bande apart (Band of Outsiders, 1964).Postmodernism is a concept that pulls from many genres, and it is Reservoir Dogs that Quentin Tarantino first begins his voyage as an up and coming director to use this style of creativity and expression. Today, we entertain ourselves with concerts, movie theater, broadways, radio, and television. It is these social medias that people like Quentin Tarantino create for our enjoyment. Pulling on our childhood memories, familiarity, comfort, and most importantly clues to other important images of our past, bring a deeper appreciation to the work and creativity that has been produced.

The Trilemma of Globalisation: Free Trade, Fair Trade or Fear Trade

Ken Costa Chairman Europe, Middle East and Africa UBS Investment Banking Department 2 Finsbury Avenue capital of the United Kingdom EC2M 2PP Cass Business School 2 March 2006 EMBARGO UNTIL 1930pm 2 March 2006 The Trilemma of world(prenominal)isation warrant look at, Fair Trade or Fear Trade In discussing the ch all(prenominal)enges presented by todays various(a) world(prenominal) environment a couple of(prenominal) topics rouse be as grievous as the issue of globalisation. It is at the heart of the structural change that has taken place in our generation as b severalises bedevil shrunk, applied science changed and communications enhanced.Economists believe almost universally, which says something( ) that globalisation is a net benefit. But, if recent examples be to go by, at that place seems to be a sustaining doubt gnawing at its foundation. Globalisation compositors cases a trilemma. Which is to be master? Free Trade, Fair Trade or Fear Trade. Free Trade For globali sation to succeed there necessarily to be a common acceptance of the frictionless flow of capital across b pieces and the determination to eliminate 2 impediments to the free movement of resources and products. Free communication channel deal is the pillar on which the argument for globalisation is founded.For the delay decade we stupefy lived with the prevailing sense that the globalised environment is here to stay. There has of course been a vigorous debate about how the benefits should be shared, the implications of the growing technology divide and the sustainability of regional development. But by and tumescent the foundations wipe out been in place. What has become disquieting recently has been the realisation that some of the most basic expound of globalisation are far from secure. The case for globalisation still has to be made. Globalisation still needfully to be nurtured as a beneficial governing body and h ingest to be demonstrably favourable to all participants in the global market place. This is an argument that needs to be advanced and argued for and smoke not merely be assumed. Fear Trade But free trade seems to have been supplanted by fear trade. The recent actions in the United States to prevent the completion of the acquisition by the Dubai Ports World of the US ports previously owned by P&O underlines the serious challenge to the argument. Here we have the US, the major exemplar of modern capitalism, wishing to restrict the take-over by one opposed comp any of an opposite foreign company with operations in the United States.This action is unfortunately not an insulate example, it comes sharply on the heels of the decision to prevent CNOC, a Chinese company, from acquiring Unocal in the US. The ports case has become a testing place for the succeeding(a) fashion of globalization. At issue is ownership. There are after all in any market regulations that govern ways in which corporations 3 act. In any event these ports get out ov erwhelmingly be run by and managed, as they have been in the previous foreign owners hands, by US citizens. Of course there are arguments for national security.That would be authorized in any country. But it is of deep concern when these concerns are deployed selectively discriminating between one foreign owner and another. Friends of the United States, and I count myself as one, forget do the country the highest favour by dorming actively against these barriers. Not only on their merits plainly also because of the sign that is given. Free trade flourishes in a climate of reciprocal openness and mutual advantage, fear trade now seems to be an key assumption lurking not only in this decision in the United States but in other countries as well.Security, national interest, ethnic preservation and other nationalist reactions wad easily stoke these fears. Italy have complained about protectionist activities within the European Union, but recently, albeit unsuccessfully, Italy atte mpted to prevent nonItalian acquisitions of domestic banks. In France, the Prime take care has attacked fragmented share capital as being a risk to independence and is looking to bolster the barriers to takeover activity in France. These styluss go away grow if the strongest and freest markets continue to act in a protectionist way.Those committed to developing sustainable and responsible flows of capital worldwide have a full task to sojourn vigilant to promote vigorously the need to have a competitive and sustainable global economic order. 4 All participants in the global economy, Government, occupation, consumers, go away need to find a common language to prevent mis spirit and actions that could easily lead to disastrous protectionist decisions similar to those in 1914 or the 1930s. Protection can grow rapidly fuelled by job losses, eroding cultural influence, security concerns and ultimately the visceral reaction against foreigners.The openness of markets to trade and to the acquisition of as molds lies at the vegetable marrow of the future prosperity for all. There are risks if this protectionism grows unchecked. Inflation will creep back because the benefits of globalisation will not be felt, interest rates will therefore inevitably hedge higher with a sell-off in the bond markets, pressure on the equity markets and the inevitable liquidity problems could lead to capital controls. A dark scenario and one which I believe is avoidable.But it does require a concerted effort to win both the economic argument but also the respectable ones. Fair Trade Fair trade has therefore emerged in the debate. Unfortunately the concept seems to have been colonised by particular single interest lobby groups seeking to address for example levels of sub-economic activity in Africa and arguing for an increase in the price structure of consumer goods in the developed world. In the end the fairest trade will still be the freest provided the benefits are seen to be shar ed equitably.Globalised markets have to, and above all be seen to, benefit all the strongest and the weakest. When the strong economies wish to cast out access to them by emerging economies the very base of the argument is eroded. For this reason, and in a polar 5 sphere it remains a moral wound to those who are committed to future global prosperity that the WTO is unable to reach agreement to allow access, without the burden of duties, by the developing world to the markets of the economically comfortable world.The versatile global environment raises questions of standards and sustainability of economic activity. These are moral issues. They should be tackled as such. But that does not mean that they are not economic ones too. cover for example one of the questions that is posed by globalisation. Is the move away from regulated markets to unregulated ones simply a means of avoiding the high hurdles of regulation in the developed world? Take the tobacco industry for instance. Do the global tobacco companies seeking entrance into new markets do so in order to spoil the onerous restrictions of the major OECD markets? Similarly polluting factories in third world countries where the desire for employment places pressure on local governments to allow activities which would be frowned on in the home countries of multi-national corporations. Low labour costs have brought colossal advantages to consumers in the Western world but at what cost to the emerging markets in which they perish?But the moral debate is not a one way street. The clash of civilisations was a debate in ancient Rome and Greece long forward Huntingdon raised the topic, but globalisation now means that people find out much more about each others cultures much more rapidly. It is true that many international corporations have seen their numerators expand as the top line has grown done sales to emerging markets. Similarly, the 6 denominators of the P & L have benefitted as costs have shrunk through outsourcing and manufacturing at lower costs.But on the other hand many emerging markets have also benefitted as their standards of nourishment have increased and foil has grown. If we wish to make poverty history and I profoundly hope that this objective remains at the forefront of either global citizen then it will come about by working with the grain of capital flows, by recognizing the reward for risk and through supportive actions by Government creating the climate for enterprise to flourish. We work on the natural assumption that it is a good thing to understand each others cultures, aspirations and diversity.However we do have to work on one unfortunate fact of human life. It is not good news but bad news that travels fastest. The Danish resume incidents and the activities of radical minorities are flashed across our screens and soon become representative of the cultures being depicted. Every global line of reasoning will need to develop the necessary readying pr ogrammes not only to enable the free flow of information to work effectively but to determine how globalising information could bring together incompatible elements of culture.Essentially this is a political question how can free speech and cultural sensitivities be reconciled? But ultimately it will be on the ground an important issue for businesses who try to create core values for global custodys. Will education of itself lead to greater tolerance? This is a topic too large for this address. But suffice it to say that education and prosperity will not of themselves eliminate global tensions though they are essential pre-requisites. 7 8 transition Diversity is important to this process.Diversity enhances competitiveness enabling the most innovative, creative solutions to be advanced as perspectives, eclectically drawn across cultures, countries, products, markets are pooled to provide answers to the issues of the day. For example, UBS needs sharp people who can efficiently and effectively work across multiple cultures and period zones. Diversity is therefore not an issue merely of gender or ethnicity but it reflects an open and flexible culture which tries to understand the motivations and aspirations of different people and their points of view.These dialogues above all are integrated into the day to day operations of the firm. To respond to the pressures and to come up with innovative solutions requires close co-operation and the working together of a very disparate group of people with a very common set of values and a common desire to understand and appreciate the ways in which common goals can be achieved whilst recognising diverse and local aspirations. There is I believe an even more fundamental issue that will require addressing. There is strong evidence that in a young and mobile workforce material satisfaction is not sufficient to retain their commitment and motivation.There is a deep hunger, almost spiritual, that is diffused and not traditio nally expressed but which needs addressing. There is a desire among young people across the globe that there is more to life than the pursuit of material prosperity. Concern for the environment, for just practices in the workplace and for a balanced working life are key themes in this emerging generation. Traditionally this has been a no go area. After all religion and work do not mix. But any desire for a values-based organisation will require 9 careful attention to be given to a much deeper understanding and respect for he religious beliefs, cultural and spiritual aspirations of this new global workforce. A new dialogue of understanding faith in business space is rapidly becoming a global imperative for business. Securities Industry Having made these general remarks it is worth looking at trends in the financial industry. ?Expansion of the Business Financial sector activities are likely to experience substantial growth over the next decade. Two reasons can be singled out Deregulat ion and liberalization chiefly in emerging markets, and wealth accumulation and retirement provisioning all over the world. Over the past few decades, the trend towards deregulation and liberalization in financial operate has contributed significantly to the industrys expansion. This process is well advanced in many countries, mainly in the mature markets, but however liberalization is, however, likely in emerging market countries where domestic markets are still highly protected. In general, further liberalization of financial markets is expected to benefit enthronement banking and securities firms which are positioned to 10 ake advantage of any further opening of individual domestic capital markets. Global asset managers could benefit from the facilitation of cross-border mutual fund business, and possibly from a trend towards harmonized pension fund regulation. Especially in mature markets, but basically to a global extent, financial sector activities are also likely to gai n further greatness, mainly due to two trends On the one hand, wealth accumulation is likely to increase as a result of the shift from labour-intensive production to more capital-intensive activities.We see a clear secular trend towards wealth accumulation that is likely to continue over the next decade. On the other hand, the fact that in the coming decades, most developed countries will be confronted with significant demographic shifts leads to a trend that pension reform is on the agenda of many governments around the world. Although each country will follow its own regulatory agenda, we believe a gradual shift from public unfunded to private funded pension schemes is likely to take place. Institutional asset charge will be the sector most pretended by this trend. ?Increasing Diversity of the Business Financial market products are getting increasingly diverse and in advance(p) with the main characteristics being securitisation, equitisation, and corporate restructuring. 11 Th e transformation of financial services over the last years has been driven primarily by the increasing de-emphasis of traditional lending activities combined with the increasing importance of securities trading and financial markets. Corporations are frequently in a position to directly finance their funding needs by accessing the capital markets, expanding corporate bond markets.At the same time, an increase in bank assets has fueled growth in the securitisation of these assets. We expect these trends to continue, as increasing transparency will further facility financing by way of the securities market. Despite the bursting of the new economy bubble, the underlying trend towards an increasing role of equity finance and equity investments remains intact. Institutional and individual market participants will tend to invest a greater share of their assets into equity products and the corporate sector will increasingly rely on equity financing. We see long-term secular trends pointin g towards an ongoing demand for advice on corporate restructuring, as trade liberalization and expert progress will increase global competition for corporations, pressuring them in turn to restructure and consolidate their business.At the same time, cross-border consolidation in some industries has just begun. ? gain internationalization of business and new markets It is crucial for financial sector firms to have at the same time both a strong 12 pace in mature markets and expand actively into emerging markets. Economic growth is a key indicator of the potence for financial services in different regional markets. We expect the largest absolute GDP increase over the next 10 years to occur in North America, followed by Asia and Western Europe. plain though North America is set to grow at a slower rate than Asia, the absolute GDP increase will be higher. This demonstrates the importance of having a significant presence in the US and other mature markets. At the same time, emerging markets, especially emerging Asia, have a huge potential.GDP growth in China averaged more than 9% since 1979, and India is on track to achieve a high sustainable growth path in the predictable future. Other markets in the region are benefiting from the increased demand in the region and globally, increasing the attractiveness for global financial firms. Another important emerging area is the Gulf region, driven by sky-high oil prices and some first steps towards a further diversification of the countries economic structure. Based on remarkable macroeconomic stablisation efforts in recent years, Latin America finally seems to have overcome its historical volatility, providing interesting nvestment opportunities. 13 ? Alternative Asset Managers defer funds and buyout groups are raising ever increasing sums of money to be deployed principally cross border. The current size of the hedge fund market is estimated at US$ 1. 2 trillion and will expand significantly in the years ahead. H ighly liquid and mobile capital should not be seen as restless capital. Opportunities for long term foreign direct investments in the emerging markets continue to grow as infrastructure projects absorb capital and new investment opportunities allow for petro dollars and other pools of investment funds to help grow these economies. ChallengesAn international presence in diverse global environment creates substantial challenges. Global firms have to integrate diverse cultures, strike the balance between global reach and local presence, match the structure and characteristics of its international workforce with functional and regional business needs, and establish infrastructure and processes to provide global communication and co-operation means. ? Integrating cultural diversity A global firms clients and employees are generally, at to the lowest degree to a significant extent, not global in their nature and characteristics, but are based and anchored in their respective home countri es.This determines a broad divergence of cultural and religious habits, business styles and customs, and consumptions models and needs a global firm is confronted with on a day by day 14 basis. In order to achieve long-term profitability and growth, this variability has to be managed and integrated into the firm. ? Striking the balance between global reach and local presence In order to be perceived as a global player, global firms have to establish a global strategy and business model.At the same time, due to the cultural diversity mentioned above, specific market and customer orientation has to be focused along country-specific needs. This is true for the products offered to the customers, the communication employed to establish and strengthen links with clients and stakeholders, and for every other interaction between the firm and the outside (local) world. ? Finding and strengthening a diversified workforce Especially in the area of service providers, well-skilled lag is cruci al for the long-term success of the company. International mobility and intercultural skills have to be ade core value of every corporate culture. Therefore, human capital management and attracting top hat people is crucial, especially as the international competition for skilled workforce becomes harder and more intense. Especially in the financial sector, specialist knowledge is required and decides on success in a specific region or business area. Hence, if companies wants to achieve continuous success, it has to establish internal talent development and management processes to visualize that employees are promoted in their personal and professional development.To distinguish itself from its competitors, firms have to offer their staff unique development opportunities, thereby attracting current and future leaders. 15 ? Managing tiny resources Internal processes, corporate communication and IT face considerable challenges in a diverse global environment. As such, it is challen ging to guarantee a consistent appearance in terms of brand, strategy and communication. In addition, doing business all over the world is especially challenging for the IT infrastructure and for know-how sharing on a global level. Yet, this offers economies of scale and synergies at the same time, e. g. y streamlining the brand and the public appearance, by having one integrated IT and know-how sharing platform and by reviewing internal processes re duplications, potential for improvements inefficiency and for streamlining and simplifying processes. UBS manages these challenges and makes them opportunities ? One Firm We firmly believe our integrated business model creates more value than our businesses would as stand-alone units. Our clients all over the globe should effortlessly be able to access all the services our firm can provide, where and when they are required, and regardless of what combinations of teams lie behind the solutions.This one firm approach facilitates cross-se lling through client referrals and the exchange of produces and distribution services between businesses and thus contributes significantly to our revenue flows. The integrated business model and our one firm approach enable us to combine global reach with local sensitivity. 16 ? Innovative products As one of the leading global financial services groups, UBS actively shapes the future development of financial markets.As such, challenges emerging from todays diverse global environment are converted into opportunities by meeting emerging cultural and business needs with innovative products tailored to specific cultural requirements. Another example is the growing importance of hedge funds on international financial markets, where UBS offers products and services specifically targeted at these clients. ? Managing and promoting diversity To UBS, diversity means recognizing and appreciating multiple backgrounds, cultures, and perspectives within its organisation.UBS builds on these diff erences to produce cross-cultural teams that generate new ideas and creative solutions for our increasingly diverse clients. Diversity consists of a broad range of aspects that vary in their degree of visibility going from gender over ethnicity, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion, nationality to though. In addition, senior management takes the topic seriously and is often participating in meetings and employee forums on the topic. ? Corporate Social Responsibility UBS makes responsible behavior an important part of its culture, identity and business practice. As a 7 leading global financial services firm, UBS wants to provide our clients with value-added products and services, promote a corporate culture that adheres to the highest ethical standards, and generate best but sustainable returns for our shareholders. In order to retain the trust society gives to UBS, UBS conducts its business responsibly and at the same time engages in the communities that it is part of. s ocially Responsible Investments In additional to financial considerations, UBS provides expertise in incorporating environmental and social aspects into our research and environmental activities.Advice on social investments not only have to take into account financial considerations but also environment, social and ethical criteria. Human Resources To remain at the cutting edge of the rapid changes in the diverse global economy requires an enormous investment in leadership training talent management and attention to cultivating an environment within which entrepreneurial spirit can flourish. The handling of outsourcing, one of the most dynamic developments in the global economy, has become an important part of the HR process. It emains a challenge when developing outsourcing plans to minimize the impact on existing employees, to plan the transition with meticulous 18 execution and to ensure that the benefits are understood and communicated well before the plans inevitably leak out. Managing declining morale and performance of remaining employees is vital as they often suffer anxiety, envy and a last gasp of invigorated competitiveness. Any outsourcing activity is a time of upheaval and it is important therefore to underline not only what is changing but also what is not.Conclusion Let me conclude by saying that global organizations face an unprecedented opportunity to grow their worldwide businesses. With this comes increased prosperity and therefore the need to ensure the attractions of globalisation are well understood by all participants that the benefits of increased profitability are seen to be in the interests of all stakeholders not only the shareholders and that the barriers to the flows of capital are removed as often as they are erected. Fear trade has no place in a fair and free globalised world.